Figure 1. Prescription Opioid Analgesic Deaths Nationwide, 2001-2005
Graph showing the number of prescription opioid analgesic deaths nationwide for the years 2001-2005.
In 2001, there were 3,994 prescription opioid analgesic deaths nationwide.
In 2002, there were 5,547 prescription opioid analgesic deaths nationwide.
In 2003, there were 6,524 prescription opioid analgesic deaths nationwide.
In 2004, there were 7,547 prescription opioid analgesic deaths nationwide.
In 2005, there were 8,541 prescription opioid analgesic deaths nationwide.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Return to Figure 1.
Figure 2. Past Month Nonmedical Use of Psychotherapeutics by Individuals 12 or Older, by Percentage, Nationwide, 2003-2007
Graph showing percentage of past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics nationwide by individuals aged 12 or older, for the years 2003-2007, broken down by drug type.
In 2003, 2.0 percent of individuals aged 12 or older took pain relievers for nonmedical use, 0.8 percent took tranquilizers for nonmedical use, and 0.1 percent took sedatives for nonmedical use.
In 2004, 1.8 percent of individuals aged 12 or older took pain relievers for nonmedical use, 0.7 percent took tranquilizers for nonmedical use, and 0.1 percent took sedatives for nonmedical use.
In 2005, 1.9 percent of individuals aged 12 or older took pain relievers for nonmedical use, 0.7 percent took tranquilizers for nonmedical use, and 0.1 percent took sedatives for nonmedical use.
In 2006, 2.1 percent of individuals aged 12 or older took pain relievers for nonmedical use, 0.7 percent took tranquilizers for nonmedical use, and 0.2 percent took sedatives for nonmedical use.
In 2007, 2.1 percent of individuals aged 12 or older took pain relievers for nonmedical use, 0.7 percent took tranquilizers for nonmedical use, and 0.1 percent took sedatives for nonmedical use.
Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
Return to Figure 2.
Figure 3. Cumulative Distribution of Opioids, Methylphenidate, and Amphetamine, in Grams, per 100,000 Population, 2003-2007
Graph showing the cumulative distribution of opioids, methylphenidate, and amphetamine, in grams, per 100,000 population for the years 2003-2007, broken down by drug.
In 2003, cumulative distribution of fentanyl base* was 114 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of hydrocodone was 8,044 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of hydromorphone was 209 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of meperidine was 1,887 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of methadone** was 1,326 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of morphine was 4,430 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of oxydocone was 9,597 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of methylphenidate was 4,565 grams per 100,000 population, and cumulative distribution of amphetamine*** was 1,947 grams per 100,000 population.
In 2004, cumulative distribution of fentanyl base was 133 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of hydrocodone was 8,670 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of hydromorphone was 236 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of meperidine was 1,749 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of methadone was 1,703 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of morphine was 5,155 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of oxydocone was 10,505 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of methylphenidate was 5,060 grams per 100,000 population, and cumulative distribution of amphetamine was 2,335 grams per 100,000 population.
In 2005, cumulative distribution of fentanyl base was 140 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of hydrocodone was 9,290 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of hydromorphone was 281 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of meperidine was 1,538 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of methadone was 1,931 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of morphine was 5,420 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of oxydocone was 11,027 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of methylphenidate was 5,149 grams per 100,000 population, and cumulative distribution of amphetamine was 2,445 grams per 100,000 population.
In 2006, cumulative distribution of fentanyl base was 154 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of hydrocodone was 10,749 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of hydromorphone was 325 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of meperidine was 1,498 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of methadone was 2,384 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of morphine was 6,303 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of oxydocone was 13,333 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of methylphenidate was 5,925 grams per 100,000 population, and cumulative distribution of amphetamine was 2,860 grams per 100,000 population.
In 2007, cumulative distribution of fentanyl base was 168 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of hydrocodone was 11,870 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of hydromorphone was 364 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of meperidine was 1,396 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of methadone was 2,550 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of morphine was 6,859 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of oxydocone was 15,473 grams per 100,000 population, cumulative distribution of methylphenidate was 6,332 grams per 100,000 population, and cumulative distribution of amphetamine was 3,136 grams per 100,000 population.
Source: Drug Enforcement Administration Automation of Reports and Consolidated
Orders System.
* Fentanyl base is
used to produce other fentanyl products.
** Excludes methadone
distributed to narcotic treatment programs.
*** Includes dl-amphetamine
base and d-amphetamine base.
Note: ARCOS provides complete data for all Schedule II and Schedule III narcotic
materials (manufacturers and distributors).
Return to Figure 3.
Figure 4. Estimated Number of Total Analyzed Controlled Prescription Drug Items, 2003-2007
Graph showing the estimated number of diverted CPDs analyzed by state and local laboratories nationwide for the years 2003-2007, broken down by drug.
In 2003, an estimated 17,738 dosage units of alprazolam were diverted, an estimated 5,373 dosage units of clonazepam were diverted, an estimated 2,757 dosage units of codeine were diverted, an estimated 7,375 dosage units of diazepam were diverted, an estimated 16,903 dosage units of hydrocodone were diverted, an estimated 1,705 dosage units of lorazepam were diverted, an estimated 4,967 dosage units of methadone were diverted, an estimated 1,486 dosage units of methylphenidate were diverted, an estimated 2,534 dosage units of morphine were diverted, and an estimated 16,520 dosage units of oxycodone were diverted.
In 2004, an estimated 20,821 dosage units of alprazolam were diverted, an estimated 5,797 dosage units of clonazepam were diverted, an estimated 4,205 dosage units of codeine were diverted, an estimated 6,937 dosage units of diazepam were diverted, an estimated 18,608 dosage units of hydrocodone were diverted, an estimated 1,487 dosage units of lorazepam were diverted, an estimated 6,397 dosage units of methadone were diverted, an estimated 1,676 dosage units of methylphenidate were diverted, an estimated 2,827 dosage units of morphine were diverted, and an estimated 18,962 dosage units of oxycodone were diverted.
In 2005, an estimated 24,631 dosage units of alprazolam were diverted, an estimated 6,723 dosage units of clonazepam were diverted, an estimated 3,346 dosage units of codeine were diverted, an estimated 6,871 dosage units of diazepam were diverted, an estimated 23,549 dosage units of hydrocodone were diverted, an estimated 1,557 dosage units of lorazepam were diverted, an estimated 7,302 dosage units of methadone were diverted, an estimated 1,370 dosage units of methylphenidate were diverted, an estimated 3,619 dosage units of morphine were diverted, and an estimated 19,274 dosage units of oxycodone were diverted.
In 2006, an estimated 29,143 dosage units of alprazolam were diverted, an estimated 8,370 dosage units of clonazepam were diverted, an estimated 3,375 dosage units of codeine were diverted, an estimated 7,548 dosage units of diazepam were diverted, an estimated 30,480 dosage units of hydrocodone were diverted, an estimated 1,714 dosage units of lorazepam were diverted, an estimated 9,822 dosage units of methadone were diverted, an estimated 1,742 dosage units of methylphenidate were diverted, an estimated 4,672 dosage units of morphine were diverted, and an estimated 25,041 dosage units of oxycodone were diverted.
In 2007, an estimated 34,139 dosage units of alprazolam were diverted, an estimated 8,536 dosage units of clonazepam were diverted, an estimated 3,691 dosage units of codeine were diverted, an estimated 7,209 dosage units of diazepam were diverted, an estimated 36,803 dosage units of hydrocodone were diverted, an estimated 1,751 dosage units of lorazepam were diverted, an estimated 10,361 dosage units of methadone were diverted, an estimated 1,995 dosage units of methylphenidate were diverted, an estimated 5,343 dosage units of morphine were diverted, and an estimated 29,487 dosage units of oxycodone were diverted.
Source: National Forensic Laboratory Information System.
Note: Since 2001, NFLIS has produced estimates for the number of drug items and
drug cases analyzed by state and local laboratories from a nationally representative
sample of laboratories.
Return to Figure 4.
Figure 5. Internet Sites Advertising or Offering to Sell Controlled Prescription Drugs, 2004-2008
Graph showing the number of Internet sites advertising or offering to sell controlled prescription drugs for the years 2004-2008.
In 2004, there were 154 sites offering to sell drugs (anchor sites), and 338 sites advertising drugs (portal sites) for a total of 492 sites.
In 2005, there were 154 sites offering to sell drugs (anchor sites), and 242 sites advertising drugs (portal sites) for a total of 396 sites.
In 2006, there were 174 sites offering to sell drugs (anchor sites), and 168 sites advertising drugs (portal sites) for a total of 342 sites.
In 2007, there were 187 sites offering to sell drugs (anchor sites), and 394 sites advertising drugs (portal sites) for a total of 581 sites.
In 2008, there were 159 sites offering to sell drugs (anchor sites), and 206 sites advertising drugs (portal sites) for a total of 365 sites.
Source: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University.
Return to Figure 5.
Figure 6. Percentage of Law Enforcement Agencies Reporting High Availability of Pharmaceuticals, by OCDETF Region, 2004-2008
U.S. map broken up into OCDETF regions, showing the percentage of law enforcement agencies reporting high availability of pharmaceuticals for the years 2004-2008, broken down by region and year.
In the United States, 41% of law enforcement agencies reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2004, 46% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2005, 45% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2006, 41% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2007, and 49% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2008.
In the Florida/Caribbean Region, 56% of law enforcement agencies reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2004, 51% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2005, 50% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2006, 46% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2007, and 51% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2008.
In the Great Lakes Region, 41% of law enforcement agencies reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2004, 46% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2005, 45% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2006, 41% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2007, and 50% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2008.
In the Mid-Atlantic Region, 43% of law enforcement agencies reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2004, 41% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2005, 44% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2006, 39% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2007, and 52% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2008.
In the Pacific Region, 31% of law enforcement agencies reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2004, 34% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2005, 33% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2006, 31% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2007, and 43% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2008.
In the New England Region, 51% of law enforcement agencies reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2004, 53% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2005, 50% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2006, 46% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2007, and 51% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2008.
In the New York/New Jersey Region, 28% of law enforcement agencies reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2004, 34% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2005, 35% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2006, 32% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2007, and 42% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2008.
In the Southeast Region, 56% of law enforcement agencies reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2004, 59% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2005, 57% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2006, 48% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2007, and 61% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2008.
In the Southwest Region, 31% of law enforcement agencies reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2004, 46% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2005, 40% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2006, 37% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2007, and 39% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2008.
In the West Central Region, 33% of law enforcement agencies reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2004, 41% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2005, 47% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2006, 42% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2007, and 41% reported high availability of pharmaceuticals in 2008.
Source: National Drug Threat Surveys.
Return to Figure 6.
Figure 7. Percentage of Law Enforcement Agencies Reporting an Association Between Diverted Pharmaceuticals and Crime, 2004-2008
Graph showing the percentage of law enforcement agencies reporting an association between diverted pharmaceuticals and crime for the years 2004-2008.
In 2004, 2.5% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between diverted pharmaceuticals and property crime, and 2.2% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between diverted pharmaceuticals and violent crime.
In 2005, 2.9% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between diverted pharmaceuticals and property crime, and 2.0% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between diverted pharmaceuticals and violent crime.
In 20064, 3.6% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between diverted pharmaceuticals and property crime, and 2.3% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between diverted pharmaceuticals and violent crime.
In 2007, 4.3% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between diverted pharmaceuticals and property crime, and 2.9% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between diverted pharmaceuticals and violent crime.
In 2008, 6.0% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between diverted pharmaceuticals and property crime, and 3.5% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between diverted pharmaceuticals and violent crime.
Source: National Drug Threat Surveys.
Note: Such trends are not reflected in DEA investigative and intelligence systems.
Return to Figure 7.
Figure 8. Percentage of Law Enforcement Agencies Reporting Street Gang Involvement in Pharmaceutical Distribution, by OCDETF Region, 2004-2008
U.S. map broken up into OCDETF regions, showing the percentage of law enforcement agencies reporting street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution for the years 2004-2008, broken down by region and year.
In the United States, 32.5% of law enforcement agencies reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 37.9% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 39.7% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 42.8% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 44.2% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the Florida/Caribbean Region, 28.3% of law enforcement agencies reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 45.6% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 37.9% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 43.7% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 54.7% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the Great Lakes Region, 33.6% of law enforcement agencies reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 34.2% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 40.0% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 36.1% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 40.5% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the Mid-Atlantic Region, 21.7% of law enforcement agencies reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 25.4% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 29.0% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 39.4% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 34.8% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the Pacific Region, 36.2% of law enforcement agencies reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 41.7% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 43.9% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 49.0% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 45.2% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the New England Region, 23.9% of law enforcement agencies reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 32.7% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 31.8% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 35.9% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 27.8% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the New York/New Jersey Region, 27.5% of law enforcement agencies reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 40.8% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 39.8% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 46.3% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 45.7% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the Southeast Region, 35.8% of law enforcement agencies reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 40.8% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 40.3% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 47.0% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 52.4% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the Southwest Region, 42.0% of law enforcement agencies reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 48.0% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 49.4% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 52.8% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 53.0% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the West Central Region, 31.5% of law enforcement agencies reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 35.2% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 38.7% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 38.9% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 40.7% reported street gang involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
Source: National Drug Threat Surveys.
Return to Figure 8.
Figure 9. Percentage of Law Enforcement Agencies Reporting OMG Involvement in Pharmaceutical Distribution, by OCDETF Region, 2004-2008
U.S. map broken up into OCDETF regions, showing the percentage of law enforcement agencies reporting OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution for the years 2004-2008, broken down by region and year.
In the United States, 22.2% of law enforcement agencies reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 25.3% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 25.2% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 27.7% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 25.9% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the Florida/Caribbean Region, 17.7% of law enforcement agencies reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 21.7% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 23.7% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 26.6% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 30.4% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the Great Lakes Region, 25.8% of law enforcement agencies reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 26.1% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 25.7% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 27.5% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 28.3% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the Mid-Atlantic Region, 16.9% of law enforcement agencies reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 19.7% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 26.2% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 28.6% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 24.7% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the Pacific Region, 23.3% of law enforcement agencies reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 31.9% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 33.6% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 40.4% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 32.4% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the New England Region, 26.3% of law enforcement agencies reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 32.4% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 33.5% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 30.2% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 28.9% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the New York/New Jersey Region, 19.2% of law enforcement agencies reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 27.1% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 23.3% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 24.0% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 23.6% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the Southeast Region, 19.4% of law enforcement agencies reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 20.1% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 19.1% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 22.6% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 21.0% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the Southwest Region, 22.8% of law enforcement agencies reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 26.9% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 26.5% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 31.2% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 29.3% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
In the West Central Region, 23.1% of law enforcement agencies reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2004, 24.3% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2005, 22.4% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2006, 25.9% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2007, and 20.6% reported OMG involvement in pharmaceutical distribution in 2008.
Source: National Drug Threat Surveys.
Return to Figure 9.
Figure 10. Status of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs as of January 1, 2009
U.S. map showing status of prescription drug monitoring programs, by state, as of January 1, 2009.
States with operational prescription drug monitoring programs are Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
States with enacted legislation are Alaska, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Vermont.
States without legislation are Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Oregon, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
Data not provided for American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
Source: Bureau of Justice Assistance.
Return to Figure 10.
Figure 11. Aggregate Production Quotas for Selected Schedule II Controlled Prescription Drugs, in Kilograms, 2004-2008
Chart showing the aggregate production quotas for selected Schedule II controlled prescription drugs, in kilograms, for the years 2004-2008, broken down by drug.
Production quotas for codeine for sale were 41,341 kilograms in 2004, 39,605 kilograms in 2005, 39,605 kilograms in 2006, 39,605 kilograms in 2007, and 39,605 kilograms in 2008.
Production quotas for fentanyl were 1,428 kilograms in 2004, 1,428 kilograms in 2005, 1,428 kilograms in 2006, 1,428 kilograms in 2007, and 1,428 kilograms in 2008.
Production quotas for hydrocodone for sale were 34,000 kilograms in 2004, 37,604 kilograms in 2005, 42,000 kilograms in 2006, 46,000 kilograms in 2007, and 42,000 kilograms in 2008.
Production quotas for hydromorphone were 1,724 kilograms in 2004, 3,300 kilograms in 2005, 2,500 kilograms in 2006, 3,300 kilograms in 2007, and 3,300 kilograms in 2008.
Production quotas for meperidine were 9,753 kilograms in 2004, 9,753 kilograms in 2005, 9,753 kilograms in 2006, 9,753 kilograms in 2007, and 8,600 kilograms in 2008.
Production quotas for methadone for sale were 14,720 kilograms in 2004, 17,940 kilograms in 2005, 25,000 kilograms in 2006, 25,000 kilograms in 2007, and 25,000 kilograms in 2008.
Production quotas for morphine for sale were 35,021 kilograms in 2004, 35,000 kilograms in 2005, 35,000 kilograms in 2006, 35,000 kilograms in 2007, and 35,000 kilograms in 2008.
Production quotas for oxycodone for sale were 49,200 kilograms in 2004, 50,490 kilograms in 2005, 56,000 kilograms in 2006, 70,000 kilograms in 2007, and 70,000 kilograms in 2008.
Source: Drug Enforcement Administration.
Return to Figure 11.
Figure 12. Percentage of Past Month Nonmedical Use of Psychotherapeutics,* by Age, 2003-2007
Chart showing the percentage of past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics by persons aged 12 and older for the years 2003-2007, broken down by age group and year.
In 2003, 4.0 percent of persons aged 12 to 17 reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics, 6.1 percent of persons aged 18 to 25 reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics, and 2.0 percent of persons aged 26 and older reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics.
In 2004, 3.6 percent of persons aged 12 to 17 reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics, 6.1 percent of persons aged 18 to 25 reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics, and 1.8 percent of persons aged 26 and older reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics.
In 2005, 3.3 percent of persons aged 12 to 17 reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics, 6.3 percent of persons aged 18 to 25 reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics, and 1.9 percent of persons aged 26 and older reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics.
In 2006, 3.3 percent of persons aged 12 to 17 reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics, 6.5 percent of persons aged 18 to 25 reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics, and 2.2 percent of persons aged 26 and older reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics.
In 2007, 3.3 percent of persons aged 12 to 17 reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics, 6.0 percent of persons aged 18 to 25 reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics, and 2.2 percent of persons aged 26 and older reported past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics.
Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
*
NSDUH collectively categorizes pain relievers,
stimulants, tranquilizers, and sedatives as "psychotherapeutics."
Return to Figure 12.
Figure 13. Specific Drug Used When Initiating Illicit Drug Use Among Past Year Initiates of Illicit Drugs, Aged 12 or Older, 2007
Chart showing the specific drug used when initiating illicit drug use among past year initiates of illicit drugs, aged 12 or older, for 2007.
In 2007, 56.2% of past year initiates of illicit drugs, aged 12 or older, initiated illicit drug use with marijuana; 19.0% initiated illicit drug use with pain relievers; 10.7% initiated illicit drug use with inhalants; 6.5% initiated illicit drug use with tranquilizers; 4.1% initiated illicit drug use with stimulants; 2.0% initiated illicit drug use with hallucinogens; 1.1% initiated illicit drug use with sedatives; and 0.6% initiated illicit drug use with cocaine.
Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
Return to Figure 13.
Figure 14. Past Year Initiates for Specific Illicit Drugs Among Persons Aged 12 or Older, in Thousands, 2007
Chart showing the number of initiates for specific illicit drugs among persons aged 12 or older, in thousands, during 2007.
In 2007, 2,147 thousand persons aged 12 or older initiated illicit use of pain relievers; 2,090 thousand persons aged 12 or older initiated illicit use of marijuana and hashish; 1,232 thousand persons aged 12 or older initiated illicit use of tranquilizers; 906 thousand persons aged 12 or older initiated illicit use of cocaine; 781 thousand persons aged 12 or older initiated illicit use of MDMA; 775 thousand persons aged 12 or older initiated illicit use of inhalants; 642 thousand persons aged 12 or older initiated illicit use of stimulants; 270 thousand persons aged 12 or older initiated illicit use of LSD; 198 thousand persons aged 12 or older initiated illicit use of sedatives; 106 thousand persons aged 12 or older initiated illicit use of heroin; and 58 thousand persons aged 12 or older initiated illicit use of PCP.
Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
Return to Figure 14.
Figure 15. Past Month Nonmedical Use of Psychotherapeutics by Individuals 12 and Older, in Percentages, 2003-2007
Chart showing the percentage of past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics by individuals aged 12 and older, for the years 2003-2007, broken down by drug type.
In 2003, 2.0% of individuals aged 12 and older reported past month nonmedical use of pain relievers, 0.8% reported past month nonmedical use of tranquilizers, and 0.1% reported past month nonmedical use of sedatives*.
In 2004, 1.8% of individuals aged 12 and older reported past month nonmedical use of pain relievers, 0.7% reported past month nonmedical use of tranquilizers, and 0.1% reported past month nonmedical use of sedatives.
In 2005, 1.9% of individuals aged 12 and older reported past month nonmedical use of pain relievers, 0.7% reported past month nonmedical use of tranquilizers, and 0.1% reported past month nonmedical use of sedatives.
In 2006, 2.1% of individuals aged 12 and older reported past month nonmedical use of pain relievers, 0.7% reported past month nonmedical use of tranquilizers, and 0.2% reported past month nonmedical use of sedatives.
In 2007, 2.1% of individuals aged 12 and older reported past month nonmedical use of pain relievers, 0.7% reported past month nonmedical use of tranquilizers, and 0.1% reported past month nonmedical use of sedatives.
Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
*
Differences between the 2003 and 2004 sedative
estimates and the 2007 sedative estimates are statistically significant at the 0.01
level.
Return to Figure 15.
Figure 16. Percentage of Teenagers Who Used a Prescription Pain Reliever or Stimulant Not Prescribed for Them, 2004-2008*
Chart showing the percentage of teenagers who used a prescription pain reliever or stimulant that was not prescribed for them, for the years 2004-2008.
In 2004, 21% of teenagers used a prescription pain reliever or stimulant that was not prescribed for them.
In 2005, 19% of teenagers used a prescription pain reliever or stimulant that was not prescribed for them.
In 2007, 19% of teenagers used a prescription pain reliever or stimulant that was not prescribed for them.
In 2008, 19% of teenagers used a prescription pain reliever or stimulant that was not prescribed for them.
Source: Partnership Attitude Tracking Study.
*
The Partnership Attitude Tracking Study teen
report for 2006 was held for review and comparison with the 2007 data and as of
March 4, 2009, had not been released. These are the most recent comparable data.
Return to Figure 16.
Figure 17. Percentage of Teenagers With Friends or Classmates Who Abuse Prescription Drugs, 2004-2008
Chart showing the percentage of teenagers with friends or classmates who abuse prescription drugs, for the years 2004-2008.
In 2004, 23% of teenagers said that they had friends or classmates who abused prescription drugs.
In 2005, 26% of teenagers said that they had friends or classmates who abused prescription drugs.
In 2006, 22% of teenagers said that they had friends or classmates who abused prescription drugs.
In 2007, 21% of teenagers said that they had friends or classmates who abused prescription drugs.
In 2008, 24% of teenagers said that they had friends or classmates who abused prescription drugs.
Source: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University.
Return to Figure 17.
Figure 18. Past Month Use of Psychotherapeutics Among 12- to 17-Year-Olds, in Percentages, 2003-2007
Graph showing estimates of the percentages of 12- to 17-year-olds who used psychotherapeutics in the past month, for the years 2003-2007, broken down by drug type.
In 2003, 3.2% of 12- to 17-year-olds reported past month use of pain relievers*; 0.9% reported past month use of stimulants; 0.9% reported past month use of tranquilizers**; and 0.2% reported past month use of sedatives.
In 2004, 3.0% of 12- to 17-year-olds reported past month use of pain relievers; 0.7% reported past month use of stimulants; 0.6% reported past month use of tranquilizers; and 0.1% reported past month use of sedatives.
In 2005, 2.7% of 12- to 17-year-olds reported past month use of pain relievers; 0.7% reported past month use of stimulants; 0.6% reported past month use of tranquilizers; and 0.1% reported past month use of sedatives.
In 2006, 2.7% of 12- to 17-year-olds reported past month use of pain relievers; 0.7% reported past month use of stimulants; 0.5% reported past month use of tranquilizers; and 0.2% reported past month use of sedatives.
In 2007, 2.7% of 12- to 17-year-olds reported past month use of pain relievers; 0.5% reported past month use of stimulants; 0.7% reported past month use of tranquilizers; and 0.1% reported past month use of sedatives.
Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
*
The difference between the 2003 and 2007 estimates
for pain relievers is statistically significant at the 0.01 level.
**
The difference between the 2006 and 2007 estimates
for tranquilizers is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
Return to Figure 18.
Figure 19. Unintentional Prescription Opioid Analgesic, Cocaine, and Heroin Deaths Nationwide, 2001-2005
Graph showing the number of unintentional opioid analgesic, cocaine, and heroin deaths nationwide, for the years 2001-2005.
In 2001, there were 3,994 unintentional prescription opioid analgesic deaths, 3,202 unintentional cocaine deaths, 1,642 and unintentional heroin deaths.
In 2002, there were 5,547 unintentional prescription opioid analgesic deaths, 3,910 unintentional cocaine deaths, and 1,942 unintentional heroin deaths.
In 2003, there were 6,524 unintentional prescription opioid analgesic deaths, 4,340 unintentional cocaine deaths, and 1,929 unintentional heroin deaths.
In 2004, there were 7,547 unintentional prescription opioid analgesic deaths, 4,665 unintentional cocaine deaths, and 1,706 unintentional heroin deaths.
In 2005, there were 8,541 unintentional prescription opioid analgesic deaths, 5,574 unintentional cocaine deaths, and 1,839 unintentional heroin deaths.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Return to Figure 19.
Figure 20. Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force Regions
U.S. map showing the nine Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force Regions.
The Florida/Caribbean Region consists of Florida, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The city shown in the Florida/Caribbean Region is Miami.
The Great Lakes Region consists of northern and central Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. The city shown in the Great Lakes Region is Chicago.
The Mid-Atlantic Region consists of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. The city shown in the Mid-Atlantic Region is Baltimore.
The New England Region consists of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The city shown in the New England Region is Boston.
The New York/New Jersey Region consists of the states of New York and New Jersey. The city shown in the New York/New Jersey Region is New York.
The Pacific Region consists of Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and northern and central California and the U.S. territories of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). The city shown in the Pacific Region is San Francisco.
The Southeast Region consists of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. The city shown in the Southeast Region is Atlanta.
The Southwest Region consists of Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas and Imperial, Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties in Southern California. The city shown in the Southwest Region is Houston.
The West Central Region consists of Colorado, Illinois (Southern District), Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. The city shown in the West Central Region is St. Louis.
Return to Figure 20.
Figure 21. Percentage of Law Enforcement Agencies Reporting Greatest Drug Threat, by Drug, Nationwide, 2004-2008
Chart showing the percentage of law enforcement agencies nationwide reporting the greatest drug threat for the years 2004-2008, broken down by drug.
In 2004, 39.6% of law enforcement agencies reported methamphetamine as their greatest drug threat, 28.5% reported crack cocaine as their greatest drug threat, 12.0% reported marijuana as their greatest drug threat, 8.6% reported heroin as their greatest drug threat, 7.1% reported powder cocaine as their greatest drug threat, and 3.1% reported pharmaceuticals as their greatest drug threat.
In 2005, 39.2% of law enforcement agencies reported methamphetamine as their greatest drug threat, 28.5% reported crack cocaine as their greatest drug threat, 12.2% reported marijuana as their greatest drug threat, 8.7% reported heroin as their greatest drug threat, 6.8% reported powder cocaine as their greatest drug threat, and 3.9% reported pharmaceuticals as their greatest drug threat.
In 2006, 38.8% of law enforcement agencies reported methamphetamine as their greatest drug threat, 30.7% reported crack cocaine as their greatest drug threat, 11.0% reported marijuana as their greatest drug threat, 8.5% reported heroin as their greatest drug threat, 5.8% reported powder cocaine as their greatest drug threat, and 3.9% reported pharmaceuticals as their greatest drug threat.
In 2007, 35.0% of law enforcement agencies reported methamphetamine as their greatest drug threat, 32.7% reported crack cocaine as their greatest drug threat, 11.7% reported marijuana as their greatest drug threat, 7.7% reported heroin as their greatest drug threat, 7.4% reported powder cocaine as their greatest drug threat, and 4.6% reported pharmaceuticals as their greatest drug threat.
In 2008, 10.3% of law enforcement agencies reported powder methamphetamine as their greatest drug threat, 19.1% of law enforcement agencies reported ice methamphetamine as their greatest drug threat, 32.2% reported crack cocaine as their greatest drug threat, 11.3% reported marijuana as their greatest drug threat, 9.8% reported heroin as their greatest drug threat, 8.7% reported powder cocaine as their greatest drug threat, and 8.1% reported pharmaceuticals as their greatest drug threat.
Source: National Drug Threat Surveys.
Note: Beginning in 2008, the NDTS established powder and ice methamphetamine as
specific categories for greatest drug threat; therefore, general methamphetamine
comparisons are not made.
Return to Figure 21.
Figure 22. Percentage of Law Enforcement Agencies Reporting High Availability, by Drug, Nationwide, 2004-2008
Chart showing the percentage of law enforcement agencies nationwide reporting high availability of drugs for the years 2004-2008, broken down by drug.
In 2004, 89.7% of law enforcement agencies reported marijuana as having high availability, 48.0% reported crack cocaine as having high availability, 47.1% reported methamphetamine as having high availability, 40.8% reported pharmaceuticals as having high availability, 37.1% reported powder cocaine as having high availability, and 15.7% reported heroin as having high availability.
In 2005, 90.3% of law enforcement agencies reported marijuana as having high availability, 49.3% reported crack cocaine as having high availability, 46.7% reported methamphetamine as having high availability, 45.9% reported pharmaceuticals as having high availability, 38.1% reported powder cocaine as having high availability, and 15.5% reported heroin as having high availability.
In 2006, 89.1% of law enforcement agencies reported marijuana as having high availability, 51.1% reported crack cocaine as having high availability, 31.1% reported powder methamphetamine as having high availability, 30.0% reported ice methamphetamine as having high availability, 45.2% reported pharmaceuticals as having high availability, 36.9% reported powder cocaine as having high availability, and 14.4% reported heroin as having high availability.
In 2007, 89.3% of law enforcement agencies reported marijuana as having high availability, 48.4% reported crack cocaine as having high availability, 24.0% reported powder methamphetamine as having high availability, 29.8% reported ice methamphetamine as having high availability, 40.7% reported pharmaceuticals as having high availability, 37.4% reported powder cocaine as having high availability, and 13.4% reported heroin as having high availability.
In 2008, 90.3% of law enforcement agencies reported marijuana as having high availability, 49.3% reported crack cocaine as having high availability, 21.3% reported powder methamphetamine as having high availability, 25.6% reported ice methamphetamine as having high availability, 48.7% reported pharmaceuticals as having high availability, 38.5% reported powder cocaine as having high availability, and 16.8% reported heroin as having high availability.
Source: National Drug Threat Surveys.
Note: Beginning in 2006, the NDTS established powder and ice methamphetamine as
specific categories for high availability; therefore, general methamphetamine comparisons
are not made.
Return to Figure 22.
Figure 23. Percentage of Law Enforcement Agencies Reporting Association Between Drug Type and Violent Crime, Nationwide, 2004-2008
Chart showing the percentage of law enforcement agencies nationwide reporting association between drug type and violent crime for the years 2004-2008, broken down by drug.
In 2004, 40.7% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between crack cocaine and violent crime, 34.2% reported an association between methamphetamine and violent crime, 7.7% reported an association between powder cocaine and violent crime, 5.8% reported an association between heroin and violent crime, 4.6% reported an association between marijuana and violent crime, and 2.2% reported an association between pharmaceuticals and violent crime.
In 2005, 40.3% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between crack cocaine and violent crime, 35.2% reported an association between methamphetamine and violent crime, 8.1% reported an association between powder cocaine and violent crime, 6.7% reported an association between heroin and violent crime, 3.2% reported an association between marijuana and violent crime, and 2.0% reported an association between pharmaceuticals and violent crime.
In 2006, 41.2% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between crack cocaine and violent crime, 36.0% reported an association between methamphetamine and violent crime, 7.1% reported an association between powder cocaine and violent crime, 6.7% reported an association between heroin and violent crime, 3.5% reported an association between marijuana and violent crime, and 2.3% reported an association between pharmaceuticals and violent crime.
In 2007, 41.0% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between crack cocaine and violent crime, 33.4% reported an association between methamphetamine and violent crime, 5.9% reported an association between powder cocaine and violent crime, 6.5% reported an association between heroin and violent crime, 3.2% reported an association between marijuana and violent crime, and 2.9% reported an association between pharmaceuticals and violent crime.
In 2008, 42.3% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between crack cocaine and violent crime, 11.0% reported an association between powder methamphetamine and violent crime, 18.7% reported an association between ice methamphetamine and violent crime, 7.2% reported an association between powder cocaine and violent crime, 6.4% reported an association between heroin and violent crime, 4.1% reported an association between marijuana and violent crime, and 3.5% reported an association between pharmaceuticals and violent crime.
Source: National Drug Threat Surveys.
Note: Beginning in 2008, the NDTS established powder and ice methamphetamine as
specific categories for association between drugs and violent crime; therefore,
general methamphetamine comparisons are not made.
Note: Such trends are not reflected in DEA investigative and intelligence systems.
Return to Figure 23.
Figure 24. Percentage of Law Enforcement Agencies Reporting Association Between Drug Type and Property Crime, Nationwide, 2004-2008
Chart showing the percentage of law enforcement agencies nationwide reporting association between drug type and property crime for the years 2004-2008, broken down by drug.
In 2004, 35.6% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between crack cocaine and property crime, 32.7% reported an association between methamphetamine and property crime, 5.2% reported an association between powder cocaine and property crime, 12.3% reported an association between heroin and property crime, 9.5% reported an association between marijuana and property crime, and 2.5% reported an association between pharmaceuticals and property crime.
In 2005, 34.7% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between crack cocaine and property crime, 33.7% reported an association between methamphetamine and property crime, 4.9% reported an association between powder cocaine and property crime, 13.3% reported an association between heroin and property crime, 8.7% reported an association between marijuana and property crime, and 2.9% reported an association between pharmaceuticals and property crime.
In 2006, 35.9% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between crack cocaine and property crime, 35.7% reported an association between methamphetamine and property crime, 3.8% reported an association between powder cocaine and property crime, 12.1% reported an association between heroin and property crime, 8.1% reported an association between marijuana and property crime, and 3.6% reported an association between pharmaceuticals and property crime.
In 2007, 37.2% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between crack cocaine and property crime, 33.0% reported an association between methamphetamine and property crime, 3.7% reported an association between powder cocaine and property crime, 10.8% reported an association between heroin and property crime, 7.2% reported an association between marijuana and property crime, and 4.3% reported an association between pharmaceuticals and property crime.
In 2008, 35.3% of law enforcement agencies reported an association between crack cocaine and property crime, 10.9% reported an association between powder methamphetamine and property crime, 18.0% reported an association between ice methamphetamine and property crime, 4.0% reported an association between powder cocaine and property crime, 14.1% reported an association between heroin and property crime, 8.0% reported an association between marijuana and property crime, and 6.0% reported an association between pharmaceuticals and property crime.
Source: National Drug Threat Surveys.
Note: Beginning in 2008, the NDTS established powder and ice methamphetamine as
specific categories for association between drugs and property crime; therefore,
general methamphetamine comparisons are not made.
Note: Such trends are not reflected in DEA investigative and intelligence systems.
Return to Figure 24.
UNCLASSIFIED
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