Attorney General Holder Delivers Remarks at the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development

Thank you, Mr. Secretary General. I am honored to be here with you – and with so many champions, and partners, in the global fight against corruption.

Standing before you today is not only professionally but also personally meaningful to me.  As some of you may know, I began my career as a prosecutor in the Public Integrity Section of the Justice Department. The lessons I learned there, prosecuting official corruption cases, have informed my entire career.

I learned, for example, that the costs of corruption are immeasurable.  I learned that corruption erodes, even destroys, the faith of citizens in their governments.  And I learned that its effects are felt most severely not by the powerful, but by the powerless.

But you know all this.  You also know something else I learned in the Public Integrity Section – that, with enough willpower and with the right partners, corruption can be defeated.  The OECD has proven this. For years, the OECD has been at the forefront of efforts to combat corruption wherever and however it occurs.  And under the masterful leadership of Secretary-General Gurría, it remains so today.  I am grateful to each of you for your commitment to this work – especially my colleagues on the United States’ interagency delegation, including Ambassador Karen Kornbluh and representatives of the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, and the Securities and Exchange Commission.  Thank you all for your service.

The struggle against corruption, as President Obama has put it, "is one of the great struggles of our time."  As I speak, a corrupt official somewhere is enjoying undeserved and illegal proceeds.  He may be driving a brand-new luxury car.  She may be filling her off-shore bank account with tainted cash.  They may be traveling first-class on all-expenses-paid holidays.

But what about the countless law-abiding citizens to whom these officials pledged their faithful and honest service? In many cases, they are struggling to survive, working to overcome the perils of poverty, disease, and malnutrition.  It's ugly but true – and wrong.

But corruption is more than wrong.  For the global economy, corruption is dangerous.  Bribery in international business, for example, may center on shell companies and wire transfers, but no matter where – or how – it happens, the corrosive result is the same: stymied development, lost confidence, and distorted competition.  The result is unfairness, not justice; the consequence is economic decay, not development.

The World Bank estimates that more than one trillion dollars in bribes are paid each year out of a world economy of 30 trillion dollars.  That's a staggering three percent of the world's economy.  And the impact is particularly severe on foreign investment. In fact, the World Bank estimates that corruption serves, essentially, as a 20-percent tax.

Put simply, corruption undermines the promise of democracy.  It imperils development, stability, and faith in our markets.  And it weakens the rule of law.

And, of course, this is true not for any one country or any one region. Corruption is a global problem that knows no borders.  And that’s why corruption demands a truly global response – one that knows no limits on collaboration.

With these realities and principles as its guideposts, the OECD has led this response. In the face of critics who said it could not be done, the original parties to the Working Group on Bribery established the Anti-Bribery Convention more than a decade ago, gaining new signatories over the years, from South Africa to Israel.

And in the face of another chorus of critics – those who said that the Convention would not change how member countries and their corporations behaved – the OECD has shown otherwise. The OECD's peer review monitoring system has become, in the words of Transparency International, "the gold standard." And these patient, but persistent, efforts have played no small part in the recent increase in corruption enforcement by member countries.

In short, the OECD has redefined "business at usual." A little over a decade ago, foreign bribery was not only legal in many countries; it was tax deductible. That has changed. When there are simultaneous corporate criminal resolutions on both sides of the Atlantic – and press reports of coordinated corruption-related search warrants by law enforcement in different countries – the developments cannot be ignored by would-be criminals.

As Attorney General, I have made combating corruption one of the highest priorities of the Department of Justice. For decades – since the passage of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 in the wake of the Watergate investigations – U.S. law enforcement has pursued bribe payers of all stripes: large corporations and small companies; powerful CEOs and low-level sales agents; U.S. companies and foreign issuers; citizens and foreign nationals; direct payers and intermediaries.

As we have become more sophisticated and aggressive in our pursuit – employing more undercover investigations and new technologies – the results have come to speak for themselves. Since 2004, we have prosecuted 37 different corporations for foreign bribery-related offenses, levying criminal penalties in excess of $1.5 billion.  

But besides mere punishment, our FCPA prosecutions have resulted in remedial efforts by many companies, such as enhanced compliance programs to detect and deter foreign bribery.  The way those companies do business has changed – permanently and for the better.

Also in this time period, we have criminally charged nearly 80 individuals. And the pace is accelerating. Let me be clear, prosecuting individuals is a cornerstone of our enforcement strategy because, as long as it remains a tactic, paying large monetary penalties cannot be viewed by the business community as merely "the cost of doing business."  The risk of heading to prison for bribery is real, from the boardroom to the warehouse.

In addition to prosecuting bribe payers, the United States has also joined with 53 other jurisdictions, including most OECD Working Group members – as part of the No Safe Haven policy – in an effort to deny safe haven to the corrupt, those who corrupt them, and their assets.  Since 2004, my country has repatriated more than $156 million in the proceeds of corruption to its victims abroad, and is in the process of repatriating an additional $68 million.

But that's not all.  At the direction of President Obama, the Department of Justice and its partner agencies are working to fight back against financial fraud, another form of corruption, through the Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force – the largest anti-fraud coalition in American history.  Through this broad and unprecedented initiative, we're using every tool at our disposal to restore confidence in our housing, insurance, and financial markets, and to undo the damage done by fraud to our communities and economy. We're aggressively prosecuting perpetrators, sending a loud-and-clear message that they will be found, prosecuted, and punished.

Today, as we prepare to undertake the third and latest phase of peer review under the Working Group's monitoring process, we find ourselves at a threshold of our joint efforts to establish accountability.  

In fact, right now in the United States, officials are busy preparing for next week's on-site review.  And we intend to be fully forthcoming, providing examiners with a complete and transparent review of all the information they need, while welcoming candid discussion among the lead examiners and various stakeholders.  We have also agreed to have all private sector, civil society, and media panels occur at the OECD's Washington, D.C. offices without any government representative present, and we will publicly release our responses to the questionnaires, as we have with all of our prior OECD reviews.

I am hopeful, and confident, that other members of the Working Group will show the same commitment to transparency and accountability by undertaking similar steps during these reviews – and by implementing the important recommendations from their prior reviews as soon as possible.

After all, none of the progress the United States has made would have been possible without the long-term cooperation of our law enforcement partners around the globe – cooperation fostered by relationships established through the OECD.

In the 2008 Siemens prosecutions, for example, the Department of Justice worked closely with the Munich Public Prosecutor’s Office to investigate and resolve Siemens's global corruption scheme, resulting in approximately $1.6 billion in penalties and fines in Germany and the United States. We remain deeply grateful to our German law enforcement counterparts for their extraordinary leadership and cooperation.

My Department has also worked closely with the United Kingdom's Serious Fraud Office in a number of cases, such as the BAE Systems plc case, which resulted in a guilty plea and more than $450 million in penalties.  

This year also brought the first large-scale foreign bribery sting operation, involving more than 100 FBI agents; the execution of simultaneous search warrants in the United States and in London; and, in January, the arrest of 22 businessmen now awaiting trial in Washington, D.C.

These examples are part of a larger trend of increased global cooperation among law enforcement agencies.  But still, we must do more. Put simply, the credibility of the Anti-Bribery Convention depends on it.

For all the progress, it is important to note that many of the 38 OECD member countries have no criminal convictions to date.  This is not because bribes are not paid by companies in these OECD countries.  It is because investigating and prosecuting corruption is difficult, requiring more will, resources, experience, and effort than most crimes.  It also requires a sincere commitment. As you know, it involves gathering evidence from foreign jurisdictions, pursuing wealthy and powerful individuals, and enduring lengthy challenges in the courtrooms.

Still, despite these challenges, I urge the countries to which this statistic applies to deepen their commitment to this global effort by dedicating the appropriate resources, such as prosecutors and investigators focused exclusively on foreign bribery cases, and by prioritizing the prosecution of corruption, no matter where the evidence leads.

But frankly, every member of the Working Group, including the United States, can do more to engage in robust international cooperation.  In particular, we welcome the OECD's pronouncement, in its most recent Council Recommendation related to the Anti-Bribery Convention, that it will host regular, voluntary meetings of prosecutors to promote the sharing of best practices and to foster greater cooperation.

I understand there is a prosecutors' meeting scheduled for June 14^th to address mutual legal assistance, and I encourage all Working Group members to send prosecutors to this critical discussion. My Department will send three senior prosecutors, and I know the Securities and Exchange Commission will also send senior regulators, including the chief of the SEC's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) Unit.

We would especially welcome the participation of China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Russia at future plenaries, including the one on June 14th.  We've all been encouraged by the recent evidence of greater cooperation on the parts of these nations and by the concrete steps Russia has taken toward accession to the Anti-Bribery Convention.

All that said, prosecution is not, nor should it be, the only means of increasing our efforts to curb global corruption.  We will continue to work with companies that pursue good-faith internal investigations and voluntarily reform their practices.  Specifically, we call on businesses to change the tone at the top, to re-evaluate their compliance programs and internal controls, to find ways to encourage a culture of compliance, and to strongly consider voluntary disclosures of past violations of the law.

Here, too, not surprisingly, the OECD has taken the lead, with the Good Practice Guidance of the OECD Working Group on Bribery.  The guide provides state-of-the-art guidance, backed by 38 countries, on many important issues facing companies daily. I commend the Working Group for this forward-thinking document, and I encourage companies to use it as a benchmark in their own compliance programs.

On all these fronts – investigation, prosecution, and, where possible, voluntary cooperation – partnership is not a luxury; it is a necessity.  Only by working together, across borders and jurisdictions, can we ensure that the ideals set forth in the Anti-Bribery Convention more than a decade ago are realized today and in the future.  And only by working together will the promise of democracy be fulfilled, and will the rule of law be respected, across the globe. We should not, and must not, settle for anything less.

I am grateful to each of you for your time today and, more importantly, for your partnership.  And I am looking forward, more than ever before, to our many joint successes to come in the days, weeks, and months ahead.

Thank you all.