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Opinions
Appointment of United States Trade Representative
Were it constitutional, 19 U.S.C. § 2171(b)(4) would prohibit anyone “who has directly represented, aided, or advised a foreign entity . . . in any trade negotiation, or trade dispute, with the United States” from being appointed as United States Trade Representative. A nominee’s previous work on two matters involving antidumping or countervailing duty proceedings before administrative agencies would not be disqualifying under the statute, because neither matter was a “trade negotiation” or, during the time of his engagement, a “trade dispute[] with the United States.”
Application of the Anti-Nepotism Statute to a Presidential Appointment in the White House Office
Section 105(a) of title 3, U.S. Code, which authorizes the President to appoint employees in the White House Office “without regard to any other provision of law regulating the employment or compen-sation of persons in the Government service,” exempts positions in the White House Office from the prohibition on nepotism in 5 U.S.C. § 3110.
Who Qualifies as a “Very Senior” Employee Under 18 U.S.C. § 207(d)(1)(B)
Section 207(d)(1)(B) of title 18 encompasses any Executive Branch employee who receives a rate of basic pay of exactly the amount payable for level I of the Executive Schedule, regardless of whether the employee’s pay is required to be set at level I by law or is set at level I by administrative action.
An employee’s “rate of pay” in section 207(d)(1)(B) refers to the employee’s rate of basic pay, exclusive of any other forms of compensation such as bonuses, awards, allowances, or locality-based comparability payments.
Authority of the Department of Health and Human Services to Pay for Private Counsel to Represent an Employee Before Congressional Committees
The Department of Health and Human Services may pay for private counsel to represent an employee who has been subpoenaed to appear before the staff of two congressional committees for a deposition at which agency counsel is not permitted to be present.
Administration of the John F. Kennedy Centennial Commission
To avoid the separation of powers concerns posed by inclusion of six members of Congress on the eleven-member John F. Kennedy Centennial Commission, the Commission should create an executive committee, composed of its five presidentially appointed members, which would be legally responsible for discharging the purely executive functions of the Commission.
The six congressional members could participate in nearly all of the Commission’s remaining activities, including in ceremonial functions.
Obligating Carryover Funds in Violation of OMB Zero-Dollar Apportionment Rule
At least in circumstances where an agency fails to submit an apportionment request for carryover funds to the Office of Management and Budget before the start of a fiscal year, the automatic zero-dollar apportionment effected by section 120.57 of OMB Circular A-11 is a valid apportionment for purposes of the Anti-Deficiency Act. As a result, in such circumstances, 31 U.S.C. § 1517 would prohibit an agency from expending or obligating funds exceeding that apportionment of zero.
Statutory Mandate to Propose Legislation in Response to Medicare Funding Warning
The Recommendations Clause bars Congress from enacting laws that purport to prevent the President from recommending legislation that he judges “necessary and expedient.”
The Recommendations Clause bars Congress from enacting laws that purport to require the President to recommend legislation even if he does not judge it “necessary and expedient.”
Section 802 of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, which requires the President to submit “proposed legislation” in response to a Medicare funding warning under section 801(a)(2), contravenes the Recommendations Clause and may be treated as advisory and non-binding.
Emergency Statutes That Do Not Expressly Require a National Emergency Declaration
The National Emergencies Act’s coverage is not limited to statutes that expressly require the President to declare a national emergency, but rather extends to any statute “conferring powers and authorities to be exercised during a national emergency,” unless Congress has exempted such a statute from the Act.
Effect of Appropriations Rider on Access of DOJ Inspector General to Certain Protected Information
Section 540 of the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016, effectively prohibits the Department of Justice, for the remainder of fiscal year 2016, from denying the Department’s Office of the Inspector General (“OIG”) timely access to materials requested by OIG, or preventing or impeding OIG’s access to such materials, pursuant to the Federal Wiretap Act (Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968); Rule 6(e) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure; or section 626 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act. As a result, the Department may (and must) disregard the limitations in those statutes in making disclosures to OIG for the remainder of the fiscal year.
Article 17 Bis of the Air Transport Agreement with the European Union
Article 17 bis of the Air Transport Agreement Between the United States of America and the European Community and Its Member States does not provide an independent basis upon which the United States may deny a permit to an air carrier of a Party to the Agreement if that carrier is otherwise qualified to receive such a permit.