U.S. Department
of Justice
Republic of Colombia
US Government Reports
- State Department - Country Documents
- Library of Congress - Law Library of Congress (LLOC)
- Family Reunification Laws in Selected Jurisdictions - July 2014
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- Birth Certificates
- COL42724.E - Whether the law allows a notary public to issue a birth certificate for a minor based only on the affidavit of the parents; information on the process to acquire a birth certificate including documents needed. - June 2004
- Citizenship
- ZZZ200112.E - Whether Colombian citizenship is transmitted through both parents and whether both parents are required to provide identification documents; alternative application procedures when one parent is estranged from the child; special procedures for Venezuelan children born to a Colombian parent (2018-February 2020). - May 2020
- COL104916.E - Requirements and procedures for a person born in another country to Colombian parents to acquire citizenship; requirements and procedures for the spouse and child of a citizen to obtain permanent residency; rights and social benefits available to permanent residents - July 2014
- COL42893.E - Whether the Colombian government has the discretion to accept or refuse an application for recovery of Colombian nationality or whether it must automatically accept such applications if all requirements have been fulfilled. - July 2004
- Driver’s License
- COL104329.E - Driver's licenses, including format and process to obtain one; renewal process, including whether it can be done outside the country. - April 2013
- Foreign Residency Card
- ZZZ201329.E - Colombia and Venezuela: Access for Venezuelans to obtain legal residency status in Colombia, including rights and obligations of residency (2021–January 2023) - Jan 2023
- COL101898.E - Whether the holder of a Colombian foreign resident identity card (Cédula de Extranjería) can exit from and return to Colombia while the card is valid; documentation required and procedures followed to renew the card; documentation required and procedures followed by an individual who holds a temporary foreign resident card (Cédula de Extranjería Temporal) to obtain a foreign resident card. - Jan. 2007
- Identity Documents
- COL42726.E - After a person has changed his or her name, whether a "cédula" (identity card) bears a new issue date or the date of original issue. - June 2004
- Medical Reports
- COL103881.E - Requirements and procedures for obtaining a medical report within Colombia as well as from abroad; whether medical reports can be obtained through a proxy; if so, requirements and procedures; whether there is a national standard format for medical reports issued by all hospitals in the country, and the information contained therein; whether doctors have an obligation to report serious or crime-related injuries. - January 2012
- Military Service Card
- COL104534.FE - The military service card, including whether it indicates where the person was stationed and the unit in which they served; the significance of the reserve classes; whether the military service card differs depending on soldier rank (2006-2013) - August 2013
- Name Change
- COL42725.E - Whether the law allows a person to change his/her last name or just their first name. - June 2004
- Passports
- COL105468.E - Colombia: requirements and procedures to obtain a biometric passport from within Colombia and abroad, including requirements and procedures to replace a lost or stolen passport and to renew an expired passport; appearance and security features of the passport (2014-April 2016) - Apr. 11, 2016
- COL104008.E - Whether Colombian citizens are required to have their passports stamped upon exit from and entry into Colombia; if so, whether this procedure is applied uniformly at all immigration posts. - February 2012
- COL103875.E - Procedures and documents required to obtain a passport from within Colombia, including processing times; procedures and documents required to replace a lost or stolen passport, and to renew an expired passport, including from abroad; the appearance of the passport. - November 2011
- COL100935.E - Whether a passport can be issued to a minor in the absence of either parent; documentation required for a minor to exit Colombia when not accompanied by one of the parents. - Jan. 2006
- COL100383.E - Whether Colombian citizens are required to have their passports stamped upon exit from and entry into Colombia; if so, whether this requirement is enforced by Colombian authorities (January 2005 - August 2005). - Aug. 2005
- Birth Certificates
US Government Reports
- Department of Labor - Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2014, 2013
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- COL100935.E - Whether a passport can be issued to a minor in the absence of either parent; documentation required for a minor to exit Colombia when not accompanied by one of the parents. - Jan. 2006
- Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers - Child Soldiers Global Report - Colombia - 2008
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- COL103829.E - Police corruption, including involvement of police officers in drug-related criminal activity and the state response; procedures for filing complaints against police officers for corruption or inaction. - October 2011
- COL106376.E - Prevalence of fraudulent documents, including whether genuine documents can be obtained using false information; reports of fraudulent documents such as letters of employment, letters about community activism or involvement in a teacher's union (2016-October 2019). - Nov. 2019
Non-Government Organization Reports
- InSight Crime
- Colombia Elites and Organized Crime. 2016
Non Government Organization Reports
Non-Government Reports
- UN CEDAW & International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
- From Forced Sterilization to Forced Psychiatry: Violations of the Human Rights of Women with Disabilities and Transgender Persons in Colombia. Oct. 2013
- Amnesty International
- Colombia: Restoring the Land, securing the Peace - Indigenous and Afro-Descendant Territorial rights - Nov. 2015
- The Struggle for Survival and Dignity: Human Rights Abuses Against Indigenous Peoples in Colombia - Feb. 2010
- Minority Rights Group International - State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - 2016
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- COL201565.E - Colombia: Situation of Afro-Colombians, including treatment by society, authorities, and armed groups; ability to relocate to Bogotá, Cartagena, Barranquilla, and to other rural and urban areas; ability to access housing, employment, education, and health care; state protection and support services available (2021–August 2023) - August 2023
- COL200219.E - Colombia: Situation of Afro-Colombians, including treatment by society and authorities; state protection and support services available - May 2020
-
COL105117.E - Colombia: Situation and treatment of Afro-Colombians in Medellín, Bogotá, and Cali; legal recourse and support services (2012-March 2015) - April 20, 2015
- COL103828.E - Situation of Afro-Colombians, particularly in Medellin; municipal efforts to address crime and poverty in Medellin. - October 2011
- World Directory of Minorities - Afro-Colombians
Foreign Government Reports
- Austrailian Migration Review Tribunal - Refugee Review Tribunal
- COL37696 - Nov. 2010
- Please provide information on the extent to which women face discrimination in relation to matters such as employment.
- To what extent does the state provide protection against discrimination on grounds such as gender?
- To what extent does the state provide protection against sexual assault?
- What support services are available to victims of sexual assault, in Medellin in particular?
- What is the current situation in Medellin with regard to violent crime such as kidnappings, killings and gang-related violence?
- Are there any reports of people who have been overseas being targeted for crime?
- COL37696 - Nov. 2010
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- COL100371.E - Protection and legal redress available to women who are victims of rape (not pertaining to guerrilla or paramilitary perpetrators), domestic and sexual abuse, including relevant legislation, government and non government institutions and responsiveness of the police and judiciary; recourse available to a woman who was sexually assaulted by a police officer, whether the victim would face any repercussions as a result of reporting the alleged incident (2003-July 2005). - July 2005
- COL200263.E - Colombia: Situation and treatment of sexual and gender minorities, including treatment by authorities and society; state protection and support services available (2017-May 2020). - May 2020
- COL100936.E - Current information on the status of the application and enforcement of the law on domestic violence. - Jan. 2006
- COL103412.FE - Domestic violence, especially legislation, state protection and services available to victims (2008-March 2010) - April 2010 (PDF)
- COL103928.E - Whether women who head their own households, without male or family support, can obtain housing and employment in Santiago de Cali; violence against women in Santiago de Cali; government support services available to female-headed households in Santiago de Cali. - February 2012 (PDF)
- COL103831.E - Whether women who head their own households, without male or family support, can obtain housing and employment in Bogota; violence against women in Bogota; government support services available to female-headed households in Bogota. - February 2012 (PDF)
- COL103929.E - Whether women who head their own households, without male or family support, can obtain housing and employment in Medellin; government support services available to female-headed households in Medellin; violence against women in Medellin. - March 2012
- COL104029.E - Domestic violence, including legislation, state protection, and services available to victims (2010-February 2012) - April 2012
International Government Organization Reports
- UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
- International Protection Considerations with Regard to People Fleeing Colombia - August 2023
Non-Government Organization Reports
- The Overseas Development Institute (ODI)
- Progress despite adversity: women's empowerment and conflict in Colombia - July 2015
- Amnesty International
- The police does not care for me: Sexual violence and other gender-based violence in the 2021 National Strike - Dec. 2022
- HIDDEN FROM JUSTICE: Impunity for Conflict Related Sexual Violence, A Follow-UP Report - Oct. 2012
- "THIS IS WHAT WE DEMAND. JUSTICE!" Impunity for Sexual Violence Against Women in Colombia's Armed Conflict - Sept. 2011
- Human Rights Watch
- “This Hell Was My Only Option” Abuses Against Migrants and Asylum Seekers Pushed to Cross the Darién Gap - Nov. 2023
- “We Must Ask for What Is Already Ours” Afro-descendant Women and Access to Land in Alto Mira y Frontera, Colombia - July 2023
- Rights Out of Reach: Obstacles to Health, Justice, and Protection for Displaced Victims of Gender-Based Violence in Colombia - Nov. 2012
- International Committee of the Red Cross
- Addressing the Needs of Women Affected by Armed Conflict - 2004
- International Crisis Group
- Bottleneck of the Americas: Crime and Migration in the Darién Gap - Nov. 2023
US Government Reports
- State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999
- Austrailian Migration Review Tribunal - Refugee Review Tribunal
- COL32846 - Jan. 2008
- Please provide information on the Colombian army and, in particular, any reports on officers in the Colombian army being pressured by colleagues and superiors to violate human rights? Please also provide any reports on officers claiming they were dismissed for refusing to obey orders to violate human rights?
- Please provide any information on "criminal irregularities" that the army claims was the reason officers were evaluated as being "deficient".
- Is there any other information of relevance.
- COL32846 - Jan. 2008
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- ZZZ201445.E - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Uruguay: Rights of citizens of countries belonging to the Southern Common Market (Mercado Común del Sur, MERCOSUR) to residence, employment, and education in other MERCOSUR countries (2021–April 2023) - April 2023
- COL104418.E - Instances of "social cleansing" in Bogotà and Santiago de Cali, including of sexual minorities, drug addicts and the homeless; the groups that engage in "social cleansing," including paramilitaries; actions taken by authorities in instances of "social cleansing," including instances where police took part in "social cleansing" (2011-May 2013). - June 2013
Intergovernmental Organization Reports
- European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA)
- Country of Origin Information (COI) Report - Colombia - Country Focus - Dec. 2022
- UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
- International Protection Considerations with Regard to People Fleeing Colombia - August 2023
Non-Government Organization Reports
- Amnesty International
- Americas: No future without courage: Human rights defenders in the Americas speaking up on the climate crisis - Nov. 2023
- Hope at risk "The Lack of a Safe Space to Defend Human Rights in Colombia Continues" - Nov. 2023
- Americas: Regularization and protection: International obligations for the protection of Venezuelan nationals - Sept. 2023
- Amnesty International Report 2022/23: The state of the world’s human rights - Mar. 2023
- Shoots on sight: eye trauma in the context of the National Strike – Nov. 2021
- 650 Civil society organizations call for exhaustive investigation of repression of protests and call on the IACHR to act - May 2021
- CALI: In the Epicenter of Repression - Human Rights Violation during the 2021 National Strike in Cali, Colombia - July 2021
- Freedom House
- Human Rights Watch
- International Crisis Group
- Norwegian Refugee Council
US Government Reports
- Congressional Research Service (CRS)
- Colombia: Challenges for U.S. Policymakers in 2021 - Sept. 2021
- Austrailian Migration Review Tribunal - Refugee Review Tribunal
- COL32846 - Jan. 2008
- Please provide information on the Colombian army and, in particular, any reports on officers in the Colombian army being pressured by colleagues and superiors to violate human rights? Please also provide any reports on officers claiming they were dismissed for refusing to obey orders to violate human rights?
- Please provide any information on "criminal irregularities" that the army claims was the reason officers were evaluated as being "deficient".
- Is there any other information of relevance.
- COL32846 - Jan. 2008
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- COL201567.E - Colombia: Security situation, including crime and kidnappings; measures taken by the government to combat crime (2021–July 2023) - August 2023
- COL105470.E - Colombia: State protection programs for victims and witnesses of crimes; requirements to access the programs; statistics on the number of applications for relocation that are granted and refused; duration and effectiveness of these programs (2012-March 2016) - April 6, 2016
- COL104012.E - Government bodies responsible for responding to complaints of crimes committed by armed groups and criminal networks, including the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC); organization, training and effectiveness of these authorities in responding to complaints. - April 2012
- COL104011.E - State protection programs for victims and witnesses of crimes; requirements to access the programs; statistics on the number of people granted and refused their application for relocation; duration and effectiveness of these programs. - March 2012
- COL103830.E - Procedures to report a crime; procedures for obtaining a copy of these reports from within Colombia; whether the complainant can obtain a copy from abroad through a proxy, including requirements and procedures; authorities' responsiveness to complaints. - October 2011
Non-Government Organization Reports
- Human Rights Watch
- “The Guerrillas Are the Police” - Jan 2020
- On Their Watch - Evidence of Senior Army Officers’ Responsibility for False Positive Killings in Colombia. - June 2015
- The New Face of Violence in Colombia - Feb 2010
- Obstacles to Justice for Paramilitary Mafias in Colombia - Oct 2008
- Maiming the People - Jul 2007
- Smoke and Mirrors: Colombia's demobilization of paramilitary groups - Aug. 2005
- International Crisis Group
- Bottleneck of the Americas: Crime and Migration in the Darién Gap - Nov. 2023
Foreign Government Report
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- COL100931.E - Information on divorce, including grounds, procedures, length of process, support payments and child custody (2005 - January 2006). - Jan. 30, 2006
- COL106338.E - Colombia: Update to COL106087 of 1 May 2018 on the investigation of criminal complaints, including time limits, expiry of criminal proceedings, and setting aside of complaints; the Office of the Attorney General's database used to consult the status of a criminal complaint, including the definition of the different statuses (2017-July 2019). - July 25 2019
- COL200220.E - The socio-economic situation, including demographics, employment rates, and economic sectors, particularly in Barranquilla, Bucaramanga and Ibagué (2017-May 2020). - May 13 2020
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- COL43263.E - Situation of individuals suffering from a mental illness; treatment of such individuals by the police and other state agents; availability of mental health services; existence of organizations that assist those experiencing mental health problems (2000-January 2005). - Jan. 2005
- Human Rights Watch
- Rights Out of Reach: Obstacles to Health, Justice, and Protection for Displaced Victims of Gender-Based Violence in Colombia - 2012
- International Committee of the Red Cross
- Addressing the Needs of Women Affected by Armed Conflict - 2004
Intergovernmental Organization Reports
- World Health Organization Page
US Government Reports
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- COL43056.E - Mandate and activities of the Association of Conservative Leaders (Asociación de Líderes Conservadores); whether it is affiliated with the Conservative Party of Colombia (Partido Conservador Colombiano, PCC); addresses of its offices (1995-October 2004). - Oct. 2004
International Government Organization Reports
- UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
- International Protection Considerations with Regard to People Fleeing Colombia - August 2023
Intergovernmental Organization Reports
- UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
- Brief report on the situation of IDPs (Colombia, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico) - Dec. 2023
- International Protection Considerations with Regard to People Fleeing Colombia - August 2023
Non-Government Organization Reports
- Amnesty International
- Americas: Regularization and protection: International obligations for the protection of Venezuelan nationals - Sept. 2023
- Everything Left Behind: Internal Displacement in Colombia. - June 2009
- Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
- Refugees International
- COLOMBIA: Transformational Change Must Include Urban IDP's - Apr. 2012
US Government Reports
- State Department International Religious Freedom Report - 2022, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, July - Dec. 2010, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- COL100908.E - Treatment of religious leaders by the authorities, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC), the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional, ELN) or the paramilitaries; whether religious leaders are targeted for their beliefs (2003 - 2005). - Jan. 2006
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
-
COL105119.E - Colombia: Treatment of sexual minorities; availability of state protection and support services (2010-March 2015) - April 27, 2015
- COL104418.E - Instances of "social cleansing" in Bogotá and Santiago de Cali, including of sexual minorities, drug addicts and the homeless; the groups that engage in "social cleansing," including paramilitaries; actions taken by authorities in instances of"social cleansing," including instances where police took part in "social cleansing" (2011-May 2013) - June 2013
- COL43449.E - Treatment of homosexuals and lesbians and available state protection (2002-2005). - April 2005
-
International Government Organization Reports
- UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
- International Protection Considerations with Regard to People Fleeing Colombia - August 2023
Non-Government Organization Reports
- Amnesty International
- The police does not care for me: Sexual violence and other gender-based violence in the 2021 National Strike - Dec. 2022
- Human Rights Watch
- “This Hell Was My Only Option” Abuses Against Migrants and Asylum Seekers Pushed to Cross the Darién Gap - Nov. 2023
Foreign Government Reports
- Austrailian Migration Review Tribunal - Refugee Review Tribunal
- COL37696 - Nov. 2010
- What is the current situation in Medellin with regard to violent crime such as kidnappings, killings and gang-related violence?
- Are there any reports of people who have been overseas being targeted for crime?
- COL36344 - Mar. 2010
- Please provide recent information in relation to criminal gangs in Colombia and the prevalence or otherwise of extortion and kidnapping.
- COL37696 - Nov. 2010
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- COL102407.FE - Kidnappings and extortion in rural and urban regions, especially Bogota, and protection available to victims (February 2006 - February 2007). - Apr. 2007
Foreign Government Reports
- Canada Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)
- COL200218.FE - Gulf Clan (Clan del Golfo) [Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia (AGC), Los Urabeños, Clan Úsuga], including its leaders, structure, areas of operation, activities and the profile of its targets; ability to track its targets; state response and protection offered to victims (2017-May 2020). May. 21, 2020
- COL106085.E The National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional - ELN), including number of combatants and areas of operation; activities, including ability to track victims; state response and protection available to victims (2016-April 2018). Apr. 23, 2018
- COL106084.E The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC), including demobilization of former combatants; information on dissident groups, including number of combatants, areas of operation, activities and state response (2016-April 2018). Apr. 2018
- COL106086.E The presence and activities of Los Rastrojos, including in Buenaventura; information on their relationship with the Gaitanist Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia, AGC) [also known as Gulf Clan (Clan del Golfo) or Úsuga Clan (Clan Úsuga), and formerly known as Los Urabeños]; state response (2017-April 2018) - Apr. 17, 2018
- COL105522.E Colombia: Organizational structure of the Black Eagles (Águilas Negras), including whether the group operates under a unified command and the nature of cooperation among different Black Eagles groups across the country; activities in 2015; relationship to the government, including instances of infiltration or collusion (March 2015-May 2016). May 20, 2016
- COL105467.E - Colombia: Activities of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC), including information on criminal activities, and particularly in Bogotá and Cali; state response, including new strategies (2012-April 2016). Apr. 18, 2016 COL105254.E - Colombia: The Black Eagles (Águilas Negras), including areas of operation and criminal activities; whether the Black Eagles seek out individuals within Colombia and abroad; state protection available (2014-March 2015) - July 2015
- COL105118.E - Colombia: What it means to be a "military objective" (objetivo militar), including who executes these threats and methods of issuing them; whether there is an internal flight alternative for someone who has been issued a threat - April 15,2015
- COL105044.E - Colombia: The Urabeños (also known as Clan Úsuga or Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia), including areas of operation, especially in Buenaventura, criminal activities, and state response; whether the Urabeños seek out individuals, particularly Afro-Colombians, who flee Buenaventura (2014-January 2015) - March 6, 2015
- COL104330.E - Colombia: Peace process between the government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia , FARC) (2012-March 2013). - April 2013
- COL104041.E - Whether the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC) or other armed groups destroyed police stations between 1998 and 2008 in Buenaventura, Santiago de Cali, and Bogotà, and Cartagena; if so, information on which police stations were destroyed and whether records in police stations were permanently lost. - November 2012
- COL104013.E - Activities of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC) since February 2011, particularly in Bogota and Santiago de Cali, and the state response, including new strategies. - April 2012
- COL104012.E - Government bodies responsible for responding to complaints of crimes committed by armed groups and criminal networks, including the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC); organization, training and effectiveness of these authorities in responding to complaints. - April 2012
- COL104030.E - Paramilitary successor groups and new criminal bands (bandas criminales, bacrim), including areas of operation and criminal activities; state response to successor groups and bacrim, including reintegration of combatants and assistance offered. - March 2012
- COL103910.E - Activities of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC) after the death of their leader Alfonso Cano, including information on his replacement; government activity since the death of Cano (November 2011). - January 2012
- COL103710.E - Whether the Black Eagles (Águilas Negras) have links to former paramilitary groups, such as the United Self-Defence Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, AUC); criminal activities of the Black Eagles, including extortion and drug trafficking; state response to the Black Eagles. - April 2011
- Human Rights Watch
- Left Undefended: Killings of Rights Defenders in Colombia’s Remote Communities - Feb. 2021
- The War in Catatumbo Abuses by Armed Groups Against Civilians Including Venezuelan Exiles in Northeastern Colombia - Aug. 2019
- Colombia: Prosecution of False Positive Cases under the Special Jurisdiction for Peace. March 2016
- Analysis of Colombia-FARC Agreement - Dec. 2015
- InSight Crime
- International Crisis Group
- The Unsolved Crime in “Total Peace”: Dealing with Colombia’s Gaitanistas - Mar. 2024
- Leaders under Fire: Defending Colombia’s Front Line of Peace - Oct. 2020
- Colombia’s Final Steps to the End of War - Sept. 7, 2016
- On Thinner Ice: The Final Phase of Colombia’s Peace Talks - July 2015
- The Day after Tomorrow: Colombia's FARC and the End of the Conflict - December 2014
- Dismantling Colombia's New Illegal Armed Groups: Lessons from a Surrender - June 2012
Non-Government Organization Reports
US Government Reports
- Library of Congress
- Area Handbook Series - Colombia: A Country Study - Chronology of Important Events
Not Available
Updated March 19, 2024