INDEX A Abdessemed, Tamym 38 Activities joint 7, 37, 53-55 ex ante 7, 8, 37, 53, 54, 56 SSO 7, 37, 53, 54 standards development 51, 53 Addamax Corp. v. Open Software Foundation, Inc., 152 F.3d 48 (1st Cir. 1998) 51 Aghion, Philippe 120 Agreements bundling 5, 10, 105, 106, 114, 121 cross-licensing 5, 8, 9, 41, 57-59, 61-63, 66, 67, 85, 91, 92, 96, 98, 100, 116 naked 50-52, 55, 63, 106, 120 nonexclusive 62, 69, 89, 91, 92 patent-licensing 78 patent-pooling 5, 8, 57, 58, 62, 64, 67, 69 reach-through 5, 10, 88, 92-97, 99, 101, 116, 117 reciprocal 84 royalty 5, 8, 10, 51, 54, 57, 61, 89, 94-97, 101, 116-118 sham 51, 55, 121 Alchian, Armen A. 35 Allied Tube & Conduit Corp. v. Indian Head, Inc., 486 U.S. 492 (1988) 35, 50 American Society of Mechanical Engineers v. Hydrolevel Corp., 456 U.S. 556 (1982) 35, 50 Andewelt, Roger B. 71, 84 Andrx Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Kroger Co., 543 U.S. 939 (2004) 91 Antalics, Michael 39, 42, 43 Anticommons 92, 95, 96, 117 Antitrust-IP Guidelines 1-4, 9-13, 21, 22, 58, 59, 62-64, 67, 73, 74, 76, 80, 81, 87, 88, 91-93, 99-102, 109-111, 114-116, 121, 122 Areeda, Phillip E. 18, 19, 26, 118 Aronson v. Quick Point Pencil Co., 440 U.S. 257 (1979) 117 Arora, Ashish 15, 23 Arrangements platform 70, 71, 109 pooling 5, 8, 58, 59, 62, 63, 67, 69, 71, 78, 84, 99, 100 reach-through 5, 10, 88, 94, 101 Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585 (1985) 27, 28 Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America, Inc., 897 F.2d 1572, 1576 (Fed. Cir. 1990) 13 B Bahr, Robert W. 39 Baker-Cammack Hosiery Mills, Inc. v. Davis Co., 181 F.2d 550 (4th Cir. 1950) 66 Bakos, Yannis 107, 108 Balto, David 34 Barnett, Thomas O. 55 Barr, Robert 60, 61, 65 Barton, John H. 62, 93 Baumol, William J. 46 Bayer AG v. Housey Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 228 F. Supp. 2d 467 (D. Del. 2002) 97, 117 Beeney, Garrard 58, 64, 68, 74-76, 79, 80-85 Bement v. National Harrow Co., 186 U.S. 70 (1902) 29, 66 Besen, Stanley M. 40, 48, 49, 53 Bid rigging 37, 52 Biester, Edward G., III 109 Bilateral agreements 57, 59, 69, 89 licensing solution 57 Biotechnology 59, 60, 65, 66, 93, 95 Blackburn, Robert 59, 93, 95, 96 Blair, Roger D. 51 Blanket license 52, 83 Block booking 11, 106-108 Blocking patents 61, 71, 73, 74, 84, 89, 92, 121 Blue Cross & Blue Shield United v. Marshfield Clinic, 65 F.3d 1406 (7th Cir. 1995) 22 Boggild v. Kenner Products, 776 F.2d 1315 (6th Cir. 1985) 117 Bolton, Patrick 120 Bonardi, Philippe 38 Boyle, Peter M. 26 Bresnahan, Timothy 38 Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., 441 U.S. 1 (1979) 52, 66 Broadcom Corp. v. Qualcomm Inc., No. CIV A 05-3350 MLC, 2006 WL 2528545 (D.N.J. Aug. 31, 2006) 46 Brulotte v. Thys Co., 379 U.S. 29 (1964) 12, 97, 113, 117 Brynolfsson, Eric 107, 108 Bundling 5, 10-12, 63, 103-116, 120-22 technological 10, 103, 107, 109 trade secrets 12, 116, 120, 121 Burtis, Michelle M. 18, 58, 94 Business review 9, 67-72, 74, 76-83, 85, 92 procedure 72 Business Review Letter 68-72, 74, 76-79, 81-83 C CSU, L.L.C. v. Xerox Corp., 531 U.S. 1143 (2001) 25 In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litigation, 332 F.3d 896 (2003) 91 Cargill, Carl 33, 38, 39, 41-43, 46, 48, 49 Carlson, Steven C. 63 Carlton, Dennis W. 38, 103, 119 Carpet Seaming Tape Licensing Corp. v. Best Seam Inc., 616 F.2d 1133 (9th Cir. 1980) 66 Carrier, Michael A. 54 Chemical Products Technologies, LLC v. Monsanto Co., No. 4:01-4384-12 (D.S.C. Nov. 13, 2001) 120 Chen, Raymond T. 58 Chicago Board of Trade v. United States, 246 U.S. 231 (1918) 18, 52 Church, Jeffrey 34, 38 Clark, Jeanne 65, 74 Cohen, Wesley M. 96 Cohen, William 58 Cole, Pam 15 Collaborative de jure standards 36 Collaborative standard setting 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55 and Patents 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55 Competing standards 34, 79 multiple 34 Competition downstream 8, 24, 36, 37, 51, 67, 85, 92, 94-96, 100, 102 ex ante 8, 36, 37, 50, 52-56 horizontal 4, 8, 67, 71, 81 Competitive effects 6, 9, 21, 24, 72, 76, 97, 102, 104, 106 Complements 48, 66, 71, 74-77 Conduct joint 37, 54 unilateral 6, 18, 19, 22, 27-31, 36, 54 Congress 26, 27, 50, 99, 110, 113, 115 Consent decrees 60, 74, 121 Consent orders 74 Consortia 34, 43, 46 Consumer choice 6, 33, 34, 52 harm 6, 36, 52, 104 welfare 1, 6, 33, 104, 108 Continental Ore Co. v. Union Carbide Corp., 370 U.S. 690 (1962) 30 Contracts exclusive 12, 116, 119, 120, 122 long-term 119, 120 Coordination 8, 38, 51, 62, 67, 81, 83, 85, 99, 100 Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp., 467 U.S. 752 (1984) 31 Copyright 2, 27, 39, 66, 89, 99, 109-111, 113, 121, 122 holders 27, 122 pooling arrangement 66 protection 27, 121, 122 regimes 121 Costs business 17, 40, 43, 50, 76-78, 95, 111 manufacturing 4, 49, 65, 75 potential 7, 8, 10, 34, 35, 43, 50, 60, 79, 89, 95 reducing 8, 34, 57, 65, 84, 121 relative 35, 37, 49 switching 7, 35, 37, 38, 44 up-front 94, 95 Crawford, Robert G. 35 Cross licensing 5, 8, 9, 19, 41, 57-64, 66, 67, 75, 78, 84, 85, 88, 91, 92, 96, 98, 100, 116 arrangements 63, 100 Cutter Laboratories, Inc. v. Lyophile-Cryochem Corp., 179 F.2d 80 (9th Cir. 1949) 66 D Damages 26, 35, 51 Data General Corp. v. Grumman Systems Support Corp., 36 F.3d 1147 (1st Cir. 1994) 27, 29 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993) 113 Dawson Chemical Co. v. Rohm & Haas Co., 448 U.S. 176 (1980) 29 Deadweight loss 12, 97, 118, 122 Dehydrating Process Co. v. A. O. Smith Corp., 292 F.2d 653 (1st Cir. 1961) 106 In re Dell, 121 F.T.C. 616 (1996) 36, 43, 44 Denvir, James P., III 119, 122 Design dominant 34 freedom 60, 61 patent 59-61, 85, 90, 93, 115 products 34, 60, 61, 93, 115 Detkin, Peter N. 60 Deutsch, Donald R. 33, 39, 43 Development costs 34, 42, 50, 57, 61, 64, 65, 95, 107 Dick, Rebecca P. 115, 116, 120-122 Disclosure 1, 7, 23, 37, 39, 40, 42-45, 48, 53, 54 obligations 42, 43 policies 42-44 requirements 7, 42, 53 rules 7, 40, 42, 43, 45, 53 unilateral 23, 54 Donovan, Richard E. 80 Downstream 8, 24, 36, 37, 46, 51, 63, 67, 75, 81-83, 85, 92-96, 100, 102, 117 Durand, Rodolphe 38 DVD 68-72, 75-79, 81-83, 85 DVD Business Review Letter 68-72, 76-79, 81-83 E ESS Technology, Inc. v. PC-Tel, Inc., No. C-99-20292 RMW, 2001 WL 1891713 (N.D. Cal. 2001) 46 Earp, David J. 96, 97 Easterbrook, Frank H. 100 Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc., 365 U.S. 127 (1961) 21, 45 eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 126 S. Ct. 1837 (2006) 29, 60, 113 Economides, Nicholas 38 Efficiencies 6, 8, 11, 12, 33, 57-59, 64, 71-75, 84, 85, 88, 89, 92, 94, 101-105, 107-110, 114, 121, 122 Eisenberg, Rebecca S. 92-95, 117 Elhauge, Einer 118 Entry 12, 36, 62, 73, 96, 97, 99, 107, 115, 116, 119, 120, 122 Essentiality 68-71, 75, 77, 78 Ethyl Gasoline Corp. v. United States, 309 U.S. 436 (1940) 21 Evans, David 103, 122 Everett, Clayton, Jr. 26 Ewing, Ky P. 68 Ex ante 7, 8, 35-37, 39, 41, 48-56, 119 agreements 8, 50, 51, 53, 55, 57 commitments 35, 41, 49, 55 discussion 8, 48, 55 joint 7, 8, 37, 52-56 licensing 7, 8, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48-57 negotiations 7, 8, 37, 41, 49-55 Exclusionary 1, 2, 18, 20, 28, 44, 50, 54, 101, 106 Exclusive licenses 79, 80 Experts independent 50, 65, 71, 78 Extension 20, 25, 26, 122 F Farrell, Joseph 38-41, 47-50, 58, 88, 89, 92, 96, 98, 104, 105, 108, 114, 116, 118, 122 Feldman, Robin C. 97, 117 Fitzpatrick, Danielle S. 44 Foreclosure 8, 24, 58 Fox, Stephen P. 66, 85 Fox Motors, Inc. v. Mazda Distributors (Gulf), Inc., 806 F.2d 953 (10th Cir. 1986) 106 Frank, Theodore H. 73 Franzinger, Michael R. 76 Fraud 5, 17, 18, 21, 44, 73, 74, 78 Free-riding 80, 119 Friedman, Bradford L. 59 Fromm, Jeffrey 58-62, 66, 72, 76, 79, 82-84, 88-91, 93, 97, 98, 117 FTC Act 44 FTC Innovation Report 57, 90, 93, 95 Futa, Baryn S. 58, 65, 66, 83, 84 G Galbreath, Carolyn 40 Gandal, Neil 38 Gellhorn, Ernest 39 Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. U.S. Plywood Corp., 318 F. Supp. 1116 (S.D.N.Y. 1970) 46 Gifford, Daniel J. 34, 40 Gilbert, Richard J. 4, 34, 38, 62, 63, 97, 107, 118, 120 Gleklen, Jonathan I. 15-21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31 Golden Bridge Technology, Inc. v. Nokia, Inc., 416 F. Supp. 2d 525 (E.D. Tex. 2006) 51 Goods 46, 67, 71, 81, 99, 100, 106-108 finished 46 patented 81, 99, 106 substitutable 71 unpatented 100, 106 Gordon, George G. 119, 122 Grantbacks 5, 10, 19, 46, 59, 66, 80, 81, 85, 88-94, 97-99, 101, 104, 115, 116 clauses 72, 89, 90, 92, 93 exclusive 19, 80, 90-92 requirements 66 tailored 81 Grid Systems Corp. v. Tex. Instruments Inc., 771 F. Supp. 1033 (N.D. Cal. 1991) 26 Grimes, Warren S. 109 Grindley, Peter 39, 58-61, 64, 65, 76, 81, 83, 84, 89 Grosman, Sanford J. 35 Group boycott 51 H Hall, Bronwyn H. 59 Harm innovation 6, 58, 66, 67, 71, 74, 92, 95, 96, 101, 102, 112, 116 Harrison, Jeffrey L. 51 Hart, Oliver D. 35 Hartford-Empire Co. v. United States, 323 U.S. 386 (1945) 29, 66 Heaton-Peninsular Button-Fastener Co. v. Eureka Specialty Co., 77 F. 288 (6th Cir. 1896) 29 Heller, Michael A. 92-95, 117 Hold up 5, 7, 8, 35-49, 52-55, 57, 58, 62, 64, 90, 121 Holleman, Richard 40- 42, 47, 50, 54, 55 Hovenkamp, Herbert 11, 18, 19, 26, 30, 31, 52, 81, 92, 93, 105, 107, 109, 111-113, 115, 117, 118, 122 Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 441 F. Supp. 2d 1066 (N.D. Cal. 2006) 45 I Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc., 126 S. Ct. 1281 (2006) 2, 11, 22, 25, 27, 39, 63, 99, 100, 104, 105, 109, 110, 113, 115 Image Technical Services, Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 125 F.3d 1195 (9th Cir. 1997) 5, 15-20, 22, 25, 30, 32 Incentives 1, 2, 8, 12, 13, 19-21, 23-25, 27, 40, 47, 48, 79, 81, 85, 90, 91, 96-99, 108, 118, 119 Independent Ink, Inc. v. Illinois Tool Works, Inc., 396 F.3d 1342 (Fed Cir. 2005) 113 In re Independent Service Organizations Antitrust Litigation, 203 F.3d 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2000) 5, 15-20, 22, 25, 26, 32 In re Independent Service Organizations Antitrust Litigation, 989 F. Supp. 1131 (D. Kan. 1997) 26 In re Independent Service Organizations Antitrust Litigation, 964 F. Supp. 1479 (D. Kan. 1997) 16 Industrial Promotion Co. v. Versa Products, Inc., 467 N.W.2d 168 (Wis. Ct. App. 1991) 121 Industry biomedical 96 biotechnology 59, 60, 95 computer 59, 60, 91 semiconductor 59, 60 standards 6, 7, 33, 34, 39, 40, 43-46, 64, 76 Infringement 19-21, 23, 25, 26, 31, 44-46, 59-61, 65, 73, 84, 93, 96, 101, 102, 111, 117 Injunctions 60 Innovation 1-4, 6, 8, 12, 13, 16-18, 20-26, 32-36, 52-54, 56-58, 60-62, 66-68, 74-82, 84, 85, 90-102, 116-118 and consumer welfare 6, 33 cost-reducing process 67 downstream 8, 46, 51, 75, 81, 85, 92-96, 102, 117 effects 6, 8, 9, 12, 20, 21, 24, 33, 38, 46, 58, 80, 92, 97, 101, 102, 104, 110, 111 foreclosure of 8, 58 incentives 1, 8, 12, 13, 21, 23-25, 53, 81, 85, 91, 96, 98, 101, 118, 122 preserving 12, 13, 122 independent 5, 55, 68, 80, 90 investments 2, 35, 46, 60, 64, 67 Intellectual property bottleneck 25 bundling 5, 10, 11, 63, 103-116, 121, 122 disclosure rules 7, 42, 43 exploitation of 25, 100, 107 holders 7, 8, 17, 35, 36, 40-43, 48-50, 54, 55, 57, 90, 94, 100 infringement 21, 23, 25, 44, 46, 60, 61, 65, 111, 117 investments 2, 35, 60, 80 licenses 5, 8, 9, 12, 24, 40, 46, 48, 50, 57-59, 61-63, 79, 83-85, 89, 99, 101 pooled 58, 74, 79, 84, 100 tying 11, 107, 114 Intergraph Corp. v. Intel Corp., 195 F.3d 1346 (Fed. Cir. 1999) 25, 29 International Salt Co. v. United States, 332 U.S. 392 (1947) 21, 104, 105, 109 Internet 6, 33, 46-48, 59, 65, 76, 95, 107, 108 Interoperability 33 Inventions 1, 2, 20, 29-31, 39, 46, 59, 80, 81, 94, 95, 117 follow-on 80, 92 upstream 94, 95 Inventors 8, 31, 57 Investments 2, 17, 21, 25, 29, 35, 46, 58, 60, 64, 67, 74, 80, 85, 91, 101 long-term 60 relationship-specific 35, 64 standards-specific 35 sunk 35, 60, 74 J Jacobson, Jonathan M. 104, 105, 109, 111-113 James, Charles A. 13, 68 Janis, Mark D. 11, 30, 31, 81, 92, 93, 105, 107, 115, 117, 122 Japan 62, 69, 87 Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde, 466 U.S. 2 (1984) 11, 104-106, 109, 112 Joint ventures 34, 51, 116 K Kartell v. Blue Shield of Massachusetts, Inc., 749 F.2d 922 (1st Cir. 1984) 22 Kattan, Joseph 40, 48, 52 Katz, Michael L. 33, 34, 38, 64, 104, 108, 116, 122 Kelly, Christopher J. 58, 69, 75, 77, 79, 83, 84 Khan v. State Oil Co., 93 F.3d 1358 (7th Cir. 1996) 112 King v. Anthony Pools, Inc., 202 F. Supp. 426 (S.D. Cal. 1962) 66 Kirsch, Paul F. 15, 17, 18, 24, 29, 31 Kirschner, Michael K. 95 Klamer, J. Mark 38 Klein, Benjamin 15, 24, 35 Klein, Joel I. 68, 84 Klevorick, Alvin K. 115 Kobayashi, Bruce H. 18 Kobe v. Dempsey Pump Co., 198 F.2d 416 (10th Cir. 1952) 66 Kohn, Robert H. 95 Kolasky, William J. 112 Kulbaski, James J. 58, 64, 65, 75, 76, 80 L Law, Stephen M. 118 Lear v. Adkins, 395 U.S. 653 (1969) 90 Lemley, Mark A. 11, 30, 31, 33, 36, 38, 39, 42-44, 46, 47, 49, 53, 81, 92, 93, 105, 107, 115, 117, 122 Lerner, Josh 58, 64, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 83, 85 Leverage 94, 104 Levin, Richard C. 115 Levine, Gail 15, 39, 40, 52, 58, 88 Liability rules 23, 29, 65 Liberal licensing 60 License agreements 5, 22, 52, 53, 57, 61-64, 66, 76, 78, 80, 84, 89, 92, 94-96, 118, 119, 121 claims 16, 17, 20, 25, 26, 44, 45, 62 compulsory 6, 21-24 copyrights 29, 121 fees 46, 61, 74, 76 implied 27, 30, 44 know-how 23, 89, 98, 120, 121 negotiation 48, 53, 89 nonexclusive 42, 62, 74, 78-81, 89, 91, 92 one-stop 65 partial 57, 76, 83, 84 perpetual 45 portfolio 57, 59-62, 66, 92, 98 reach-through 5, 94-97, 99, 101, 102 reciprocal 48 royalty 5, 12, 23, 40, 46-48, 57, 61, 65, 66, 69, 70, 74, 75, 79, 80, 83-85, 89, 94-97, 118, 119 third-party 73 Licensees exclusive 78-80, 119 freedom 54, 61 Licensing administrator 68-70, 82 agreements 3, 5, 8-10, 50, 51, 55, 57-59, 61-64, 66, 67, 76, 84, 85, 87-89, 91-96, 98-102, 116-118, 121, 122 efficiencies 8, 11, 57-59, 64, 71, 73, 84, 85, 88, 89, 92, 94, 101, 102, 104, 105, 109, 110, 114, 121, 122 negotiations 7, 8, 37, 38, 41, 49-55, 57, 59, 61, 84 regime 62, 99, 121 Licensors 8, 16, 22, 28, 41, 47, 48, 59, 61, 67, 69-71, 78-82, 84, 85, 89-93, 95, 96, 117-119 Lipsky, Abbott B., Jr. 98, 104, 105, 111-114 Lister, Penelope M. 26 Litigation costs 40, 61, 65, 84 Lo, Allen M. 40, 41, 48 Long term contracts 119 Lynch, Patrick 73 M MCA Television Ltd. v. Public Interest Corp., 171 F.3d 1265 (11th Cir. 1999) 108 MPEG-2 Business Review Letter 68, 69, 71, 72, 76-79, 81-83 MacKie-Mason, Jeffrey K. 15, 17-20, 29, 31 Majewski, Suzanne E. 15, 35 Majoras, Deborah Platt 52, 54 Mandatory package licensing 107 Mansfield, Edwin 121 Manufacturing 4, 30, 49, 55, 60, 62, 65, 75, 81 Marasco, Amy A. 6, 33, 39, 43, 50, 53 Marginalization, double 96 Marshall, Frances 58, 59, 88 Market analysis 8, 9, 11, 12, 17, 20, 35, 39, 57, 62, 73, 87, 97-101, 103, 105, 113-115, 122 competitive 24, 35, 39, 48, 75, 81, 95, 97, 104, 105, 107, 109, 122 conditions 11, 22, 49, 104, 105, 119 defined 20, 23, 99 definition 20, 111 division 2, 10, 19, 62, 63, 82, 116, 123 downstream 24, 75, 81, 82, 95 effects 9, 11, 12, 20, 21, 34, 38, 39, 52, 58, 63, 67, 97, 99, 104-106, 109-111, 114 power 1, 2, 4, 8, 11, 12, 16, 17, 20-24, 29, 34-36, 39, 46-48, 52-54, 63, 97-100, 104-106, 109-123 price 8, 10, 19, 21-24, 49, 53, 58, 62, 63, 67, 73, 81, 83, 85, 100, 106 relevant 11, 20, 26, 64, 67, 83, 97, 99, 102, 106, 110, 111 Masoudi, Gerald F. 101 Mathias, Sarah 58, 88 Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co. v. Cinram International, Inc., 299 F. Supp. 2d 370 (D. Del. 2004) 67, 79 Matthew Bender & Co. v. West Publishing Co., 158 F.3d 693 (2d Cir. 1998) 113 McCarthy, J. Thomas 4 McCullen, Sharon Brawner 26 McCurdy, Daniel 43 McDermott, Inc. v. AmClyde, 511 U.S. 202 (1994) 91 McFalls, Michael 58, 80, 88-92, 97, 98 McGarey, Barbara M. 58, 88, 92-96 McGowan, David 58, 75, 78-81, 84, 85 MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 127 S. Ct. 764 (2007) 90, 91 Meehan v. PPG Industries, Inc., 802 F.2d 881 (7th Cir. 1986) 117 Melamed, A. Douglas 15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27-29, 31 Mercoid Corp. v. Mid-Continent Investment Co., 320 U.S. 661 (1944) 21, 29 Merges, Robert P. 58, 65, 76 Microeconomics 62, 71, 97, 107, 118, 121 Micron Technology, Inc. v. Rambus Inc., 189 F. Supp. 2d 201 (D. Del. 2002) 45 Milgrim, Roger M. 4 Miller, Joseph Scott 108 Miller Insituform, Inc. v. Insituform of North America, Inc., 830 F.2d 606 (6th Cir. 1987) 30 Misappropriation 21, 119 Misuse 25, 26, 33, 44, 96, 97, 108, 111, 112, 115, 117 Monopolist 22-24, 27, 30, 65, 108, 120 Monopolization 21, 25, 35 Monopoly lawful 2, 19, 23 power 1, 2, 12, 16, 20-23, 29-31, 44, 97, 99, 104, 110, 117, 120, 122 prices 1, 22-24 Monopsony 48, 49, 51, 52 Morse, M. Howard 58, 63, 71, 72, 74, 76, 80, 82, 83, 85, 92 Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co., 243 U.S. 502 (1917) 30 Mozart Co. v. Mercedes-Benz of North America, Inc., 833 F.2d 1342 (9th Cir. 1987) 106 Mueller, Janice M. 33, 34, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 Muris, Timothy J. 35 N Naked agreements 50, 51, 55, 106 National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, 468 U.S. 85 (1984) 11, 39, 105 National Society of Professional Engineers v. United States, 435 U.S. 679 (1978) 50 Negotiations 7, 8, 28, 37, 38, 41, 49-55, 57, 59, 61, 64, 84 bilateral 8, 41, 54, 57 Nelson, Richard R. 115 Network effects 33, 34, 38 Network industries 34, 38 Networks 6, 19, 27, 33, 38, 40 Newberg, Joshua A. 58, 63, 74 Nielsen, Jane 92, 94 Noerr-Pennington 45, 122 Non-assertion 5, 10, 59, 88-93, 97-101, 116 Non-disclosure 40, 44 Nondiscriminatory 7, 36, 46, 47, 49, 70 Northern Pacific Railway Co. v. United States, 356 U.S. 1 (1958) 104, 112 O Oehler, Ross 95 Oligopolistic 62 One monopoly rent 24 Ordover, Janusz A. 58, 60, 62, 88, 92, 96, 98, 99 Output 8, 58, 64, 82, 100 P Package license 12, 84, 107, 108, 110, 112 Partial-pool licenses 83 Pate, R. Hewitt 15, 18, 20, 54, 82, 90, 101 Patent applications 42, 43, 104 biotechnology 59, 65, 93, 95 claims 16, 17, 20, 25, 26, 31, 44, 45, 62, 66, 67, 76, 90, 93 competing 74-76, 79 complementary 5, 9, 48, 62, 63, 66, 71, 74, 76-78, 81, 83, 84, 96 disclosure rule 43 essential 21, 54, 64-66, 68-71, 74-78, 81, 83, 85, 92, 108 expert 65, 68-71, 78, 113 expiration 12, 97, 115-122 hold-up 8, 35, 42 infringement 19, 44, 73, 93, 96, 117 invalid 71, 78, 90, 91, 96 misuse 25, 26, 33, 44, 96, 97, 108, 111, 115, 117 doctrine 26, 44, 97, 115, 117 rules 97 pooling 5, 8, 9, 52, 57-59, 62, 64, 66-69, 71, 72, 77-79, 82, 84, 85, 99, 100 portfolio 8, 41, 43, 57-63, 66, 67, 77, 84, 85, 91, 92, 96, 98-100 rival 65, 74, 79 royalty-free 42, 47, 48, 61, 74, 89 scope 19, 20, 59, 72, 80, 81, 90, 91, 93, 96, 120 substitutable 64, 71, 77 tying cases 111 unenforceable 78, 90 valid 4, 66, 71, 78 validity 51, 78, 90 Patent Act 6, 25, 31 Patent breadth 62, 93 Patterson, Mark R. 39, 40, 46, 52, 53 Perloff, Jeffrey M. 103, 119 Peterson, Scott K. 33, 40, 46, 47, 49, 53, 55 Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc., 525 U.S. 55 (1998) 113 Piccolo, Joe 65, 74 Pitney Bowes, Inc. v. Mestre, 701 F.2d 1365 (11th Cir. 1983) 117, 121 Pitofsky, Robert 34 Polk, C. Edward 15, 104, 116 Pool administrator 68, 69, 82, 84 agreement 63, 64, 68, 69, 72-74, 78, 80, 85 anticompetitive effects of 9, 58 business review letters 67-69, 72, 77, 78 of complementary patents 66, 74, 77 partial 57, 83, 84 royalty rates 66, 80, 85 Poppen, Joel 60 Portfolio cross-licensing agreements 57, 58, 91, 92, 96, 100 Posner, Richard A. 2 Potential competitors 8, 10, 32, 37, 39, 51, 58, 63, 67, 99, 102 Predatory 17, 28 Price bundled 11, 107, 112 competition 8, 20, 24, 28, 31, 37, 38, 48, 51-55, 67, 71, 73, 74, 78, 83, 99-102, 106 discrimination 24, 109 fixing 8, 10, 19, 21, 37, 51, 52, 58, 62, 63, 85 terms 7, 8, 21, 24, 28, 37, 47, 49, 52-55, 82, 83 Price fixing 19, 51, 55, 74, 78, 113 Price fixing, naked 37, 52, 62, 63 Procompetitive 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 19, 37, 42, 52-55, 58, 62, 63, 67, 76, 84, 85, 87-89, 109, 110 activity 52, 54, 55, 62, 87, 100 benefits 9, 37, 42, 52, 54, 58, 63, 67, 84, 85, 110 conduct 19, 37, 63, 100, 105 effects 5, 9, 11, 12, 58, 63, 76, 109, 110 Product complex 60, 106 homogeneous 81 market 2-4, 8, 11, 20, 22, 33, 34, 38, 39, 41, 42, 49, 57, 62, 64, 75, 82, 95, 97-101, 103-106, 109-112, 115, 119, 120 noninfringing 96, 115 platform software 112 prices of 51, 71, 74, 82 rival 79 second-generation 81 standardized 36, 55 Production complementary factors of 4, 62, 76, 87 costs 4, 61, 65, 76 facilities 4, 99 Professional Real Estate Investors, Inc. v. Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc., 508 U.S. 49 (1993) 21 Profits 20, 24, 28, 38, 48, 79, 95, 108 Property, tangible 3, 4, 21, 63, 107, 108 Proprietary information 71, 81, 82, 121 Pure bundling 103 Putnam, Jonathan D. 58 Q Quélin, Bertrand V. 38 Qureshi, Abid 109 R RAND (reasonable and nondiscriminatory) 7, 36, 42, 46, 47, 49, 53, 54, 64, 70 R&D 2, 8, 17, 48, 57, 59-62, 64, 67 Radiant Burners, Inc. v. Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., 364 U.S. 656 (1961) 35, 50 In re Rambus, Inc., No. 9302 (F.T.C. July 31, 2006) 36, 37, 44 Rambus Inc. v. Infineon Technologies AG, 164 F. Supp. 2d 743 (E.D. Va. 2001) 44 Ramos, Carey R. 68 Ramseyer, J. Mark 120 Rapp, Richard T. 38, 39 Rasmusen, Eric B. 120 Reach-through 5, 10, 59, 88, 92-97, 99, 101, 102, 116, 117 Refusals 5, 6, 15-32, 63, 84 conditional 6, 19, 31 unconditional 6, 18, 19, 22, 23, 27, 29-32 Relief 25, 112 Rents 35, 90, 119 Research 15, 39, 40, 45, 57-60, 66, 67, 81, 91-97, 101, 115-117 biotechnology 59, 60, 66, 93 tool 91-97, 101, 116, 117 Restraint 9, 10, 29, 51, 52, 63, 64, 73, 93, 99, 102, 122 Restrictions 5, 8, 19, 24, 31, 58, 67, 96, 98, 100, 101, 119, 121, 122 Rey, Patrick 24, 25 Royalties 7-9, 10, 12, 23, 35, 36, 40, 41, 44-48, 53, 54, 57-61, 64-66, 69-71, 77, 79, 80, 82-85, 93-97, 101, 116-119 charge 23, 45, 48, 101, 117-11 cumulative 8, 95, 101 distributing 64 excessive 82, 96, 101 fixed 36, 61 legitimate 101 negotiated 69, 84, 97 post-expiration 113, 117, 118 reach-through 59, 88, 93-97, 101, 116, 117 reasonable 7, 36, 46, 70, 80, 82, 83, 94 running 61 stacking 8, 57, 58, 61, 65, 95, 96 up-front 94, 95 Royalty rates 12, 23, 36, 40, 51, 54, 61, 66, 70, 77, 80, 83, 85, 92, 97, 118, 119 Royalty-free 42, 46-48, 61, 74, 89, 92 Rule, Charles F. (Rick) 58, 62, 88, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96- 100, 102, 118 S SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 645 F.2d 1195 (2d Cir. 1981) 30 SSO (Standard-setting organizations) 7, 8, 33-47, 49-55 intellectual property policies 43 policies 42-44 requirements 7, 37, 42, 53 rules 7, 36, 40, 42, 43, 45, 50, 51, 53, 54 Safeguards 9, 46, 58, 72 Safety zone 112 Salinger, Michael 103, 122 Saloner, Garth 38 Samsung Electronics Co. v. Rambus Inc., 439 F. Supp. 2d 524 (E.D. Va. 2006) 45 Scheffman, David L. 58, 88, 104, 116 Scheiber v. Dolby Laboratories, Inc., 293 F.3d 1014 (7th Cir. 2002) 25, 26, 97, 113, 118 Scherer, F. M. 95 Schor v. Abbott Laboratories, 457 F.3d 608 (7th Cir. 2006) 101 Scope 19, 20, 34, 59, 72, 80, 81, 90, 91, 93, 96, 120 Scotchmer, Suzanne 81 Segal, Ilya R. 120 Semiconductors 43, 44, 59-62 Sham 5, 17, 18, 44, 51, 55, 63, 102, 121, 123 Shapiro, Carl 15, 17-19, 21-23, 28, 29, 33-36, 38, 40, 42, 47, 50, 57-62, 64, 65, 74, 83, 85, 88, 91, 96, 97, 99, 107, 117, 118, 120 Sherman Act 8, 15, 16, 21, 26-28, 30, 31, 35, 37, 39, 51, 52, 54, 79, 101, 106 Sherry, Edward F. 48 Sibley, David S. 104, 105, 116, 119 Sidak, J. Gregory 104, 105, 107, 112 Simmons, Ian 73 Simon, James 60 Simpson, John 120 Simpson v. Union Oil Co. of California, 377 U.S. 13 (1964) 30 Skitol, Robert A. 52, 53, 55 Software 16, 38, 51, 59, 68, 81, 95, 104, 108, 109, 112 Sony Electronics, Inc. v. Soundview Technologies, Inc., 157 F. Supp. 2d 180 (D. Conn. 2001) 51 Spengler, Joseph J. 65 Sprigman, Christopher J. 15, 17, 19-21, 23-25, 29, 31 Southco, Inc. v. Kanebridge Corp. (Southco II), 390 F.3d 276 (3d Cir. 2004) (en banc) 113 Southco, Inc. v. Kanebridge Corp. (Southco I), 258 F.3d 148 (3d Cir. 2001) 113 Square D Co. v. Niagara Frontier Tariff Bureau, Inc., 476 U.S. 409 (1986) 27 Standard Oil Co. v. United States, 337 U.S. 293 (1949) 105 Standard Oil Co. v. United States, 283 U.S. 163 (1931) 66 Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co. v. United States, 226 U.S. 20 (1912) 34, 66 Standard setting 7, 33-43, 45, 49, 50, 52-55 Standard-setting process 7, 35-39, 41-43, 45, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55 Standards 5-7, 33-36, 38-48, 50-55, 64, 69, 76, 79, 81, 96, 110, 114 de facto 34, 36 development 34, 42, 46, 47, 50, 51, 53, 64 interoperability 33 war 34 Stanton, Brian 65, 74 State Oil v. Khan, 522 U.S. 3 (1997) 113 Steinman, David R. 44 Stiroh, Lauren J. 39, 40 Stoeppelwerth, Ali M. 17, 19, 25, 28, 29 Stoner, Robert D. 95 Substitutes 2, 4, 7, 9, 12, 22, 34, 36, 38, 63, 66-69, 71, 74-79, 85, 100, 106, 111, 115, 116, 122 economic 66, 71, 111 noninfringing 115 partial 76 patents 7, 9, 66-71, 74-78, 85 products 2, 7, 12, 34, 67, 69, 71, 74, 85, 116, 122 technological 77 technologies 2, 7, 66, 67, 71, 75, 76 Sullivan, Mary 58 In re Summit Technology, Inc., 127 F.T.C. 208 (1999) 67, 73, 74, 76-79 Sung, Lawrence M. 58, 59, 66 Surplus 64, 81, 108 Swanson, Daniel G. 36, 40, 46-48 Symbol Technologies, Inc. v. Proxim Inc., No. Civ. 01-801-SLR, 2004 WL 1770290 (D. Del. July 28, 2004) 44 T Tacit agreement 51, 64 Tassey, Gregory 33 Technology blocking 61, 71, 73, 74, 84, 89, 92 competing 74-76 complementary 2, 4, 48, 62, 66, 71, 74, 76, 84 developing 35, 38, 52, 55, 109 disseminate 97, 118 public domain 52, 121 Technology markets 36, 64 Teece, David J. 39, 43, 48, 59-61, 89 Telecky, Fredrick J., Jr. 44, 61, 62, 90 Telecommunications 6, 33, 40, 46, 68 Television 11, 68, 106-108 Temporal extensions 104, 115 Territories 121 Thompson, Earle 40, 41, 47, 49, 50 Tie 11, 103-107, 109-112, 114, 118, 119, 122 technological 11, 103, 107, 109 Tied product 11, 106, 107, 110, 111 Tirole, Jean 24, 77, 80, 83 Townshend v. Rockwell International Corp., 2000-1 Trade Cas. (CCH) ¶ 72,890, 2000 WL 433505 (N.D. Cal. 2000) 19 Trade secrets 4, 12, 23, 116, 120, 121 Trademarks 4 Transaction costs 8, 10, 34, 57, 61, 65, 75, 79, 84, 89, 95, 121 efficiencies 57, 84, 89, 121 Tying arrangements 5, 11, 12, 31, 63, 104, 105, 109, 110, 114, 122 product-to-patent 109 product 2, 10-12, 22, 31, 39, 63, 103-107, 109-112 sales 106 Tyson, Karin 65, 74 U USM Corp. v. SPS Technologies, Inc., 694 F.2d 505 (7th Cir. 1982) 26 U.S. Philips Corp. v. International Trade Commission, 424 F.3d 1179 (Fed. Cir. 2005) 109, 117, 121 Unilateral refusals 5, 6, 15-23, 25, 27-32, 63 termination 28 In re Union Oil Co. of California, No. 9305 (F.T.C. Nov. 25, 2003) 36, 45 United Mine Workers v. Pennington, 381 U.S. 657 (1965) 45, 122 United States v. Colgate & Co., 250 U.S. 300 (1919) 27 United States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563 (1966) 100 United States v. Jerrold Electronics Corp., 187 F. Supp. 545 (E.D. Pa. 1960) 106 United States v. Line Material Co., 333 U.S. 287 (1948) 21, 66 United States v. Loew's, Inc., 371 U.S. 38 (1962) 103, 106, 108 United States v. Masonite Corp., 316 U.S. 265 (1942) 21 United States v. Microsoft Corp., 253 F.3d 34 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (en banc) 18, 104, 107-109, 112 United States v. Microsoft Corp., 87 F. Supp. 2d 30 (D.D.C. 2000) 46, 107 United States v. New Wrinkle, Inc., 342 U.S. 371 (1952) 66 United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., 334 U.S. 131 (1948) 109 United States v. Pilkington plc, No. 94-345, 1994-2 Trade Cas. (CCH) ¶ 70,842, 1994 WL 750645 (D. Ariz. Dec. 22, 1994) 121 United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 310 U.S. 150 (1940) 51, 52 United States v. Singer Manufacturing Co., 374 U.S. 174 (1963) 66 United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364 (1948) 66 United States v. United Shoe Machinery Co. of New Jersey, 247 U.S. 32 (1918) 29 United States v. Univis Lens Co., 316 U.S. 241 (1942) 21 United States v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 648 F.2d 642 (9th Cir. 1981) 30 Updegrove, Andrew 33, 40, 41, 43, 46-48 V In re VISX, Inc., 127 F.T.C. 236 (1999) 67, 73, 74, 76-79 Validity 46, 51, 78, 90, 108 Varian, Hal R. 34, 36, 71 Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398 (2004) 6, 22, 23, 27-29, 32 Vertical integration 20, 35, 65 Vishny, Paul 40, 46, 47, 50 Vistnes, Gregory 104, 107, 121 Vogel v. American Society of Appraisers, 744 F.2d 598 (7th Cir. 1984) 55 W Ware, Roger 34 Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp., 382 U.S. 172 (1965) 21 Welfare 1, 6, 33, 66, 74, 76, 104, 108, 109 Wells Real Estate, Inc. v. Greater Lowell Board of Realtors, 850 F.2d 803 (1st Cir. 1988) 106 Wetzner, Daniel J. 40, 46, 47 Whinston, Michael D. 120 Whitener, Mark D. 15, 17-19, 22, 23, 28, 29, 31 Wickelgren, Abraham 120 Wiley, John Shepard, Jr. 15, 24, 120 Williamson, Dean V. 35 Williamson, Oliver E. 35, 64 Wilson, Bruce B. 98 Winston, Tor 39, 40 Winter, Sidney G. 115 Worley, Regis C. 76 Y Yao, Dennis A. 39, 40 Z Zanfagna, Gary 43 Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 395 U.S. 100 (1969) 97, 117
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